{
  "title": "Romani and Domari minority references",
  "checked": "2026-10-19",
  "romania": {
    "source": "https://www.ispmn.gov.ro/maps_2022/data/uat_merged_simp02.json",
    "sourceSha256": "a8e21a8c56dc07e451786c01dfc6f743d63b4f2971eba2ce46d8ce035ee66cbc",
    "method": "Equal-size markers at representative interior points of census UATs with lmbRelRoma > 20. This is a visible selection, not a complete distribution or a majority-language fill. Percentages use known mother-tongue responses; ethnicity fields are not used. The lexical reference grast does not assert uniform dialect usage at every point.",
    "referenceYear": 2021,
    "thresholdPercent": 20,
    "count": 58,
    "locations": [
      {
        "name": "Covăsinț",
        "county": "Arad",
        "sirsup": 10514,
        "anchor": [
          21.592,
          46.20715
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 689,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 29.63
      },
      {
        "name": "Șepreuș",
        "county": "Arad",
        "sirsup": 12224,
        "anchor": [
          21.72234,
          46.5629
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 582,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 22.42
      },
      {
        "name": "Corbasca",
        "county": "Bacău",
        "sirsup": 21971,
        "anchor": [
          27.13609,
          46.29315
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 2098,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 48.25
      },
      {
        "name": "Parava",
        "county": "Bacău",
        "sirsup": 24034,
        "anchor": [
          26.96427,
          46.30855
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 781,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 25.37
      },
      {
        "name": "Valea Seacă",
        "county": "Bacău",
        "sirsup": 26083,
        "anchor": [
          27.05916,
          46.25215
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1358,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 41.67
      },
      {
        "name": "Buciumi",
        "county": "Bacău",
        "sirsup": 26338,
        "anchor": [
          26.7901,
          46.19295
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 698,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 22.19
      },
      {
        "name": "Avram Iancu",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 27285,
        "anchor": [
          21.52786,
          46.66415
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 690,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 25.12
      },
      {
        "name": "Batăr",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 27383,
        "anchor": [
          21.79749,
          46.7104
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1564,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 35.04
      },
      {
        "name": "Husasău de Tinca",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 29662,
        "anchor": [
          21.89746,
          46.86245
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 784,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 35.06
      },
      {
        "name": "Ineu",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 29724,
        "anchor": [
          22.10142,
          47.1015
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1558,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 35.99
      },
      {
        "name": "Lăzăreni",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 29813,
        "anchor": [
          22.05229,
          46.86015
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1000,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 29.49
      },
      {
        "name": "Șoimi",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 31422,
        "anchor": [
          22.13689,
          46.65365
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 790,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 35.47
      },
      {
        "name": "Tinca",
        "county": "Bihor",
        "sirsup": 31789,
        "anchor": [
          21.90173,
          46.7592
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1659,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 24.89
      },
      {
        "name": "Coșula",
        "county": "Botoșani",
        "sirsup": 39975,
        "anchor": [
          26.77614,
          47.60075
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 797,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 26.46
      },
      {
        "name": "Ormeniș",
        "county": "Brașov",
        "sirsup": 41541,
        "anchor": [
          25.52055,
          46.01065
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 629,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 31.93
      },
      {
        "name": "Calvini",
        "county": "Buzău",
        "sirsup": 45753,
        "anchor": [
          26.28141,
          45.24955
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 947,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 23.09
      },
      {
        "name": "Răcășdia",
        "county": "Caraș-Severin",
        "sirsup": 53675,
        "anchor": [
          21.5776,
          44.99665
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 536,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 29.76
      },
      {
        "name": "Ticvaniu Mare",
        "county": "Caraș-Severin",
        "sirsup": 54305,
        "anchor": [
          21.64039,
          45.1709
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 747,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 44.23
      },
      {
        "name": "Vărădia",
        "county": "Caraș-Severin",
        "sirsup": 54500,
        "anchor": [
          21.51586,
          45.0963
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 378,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 31.29
      },
      {
        "name": "Cojocna",
        "county": "Cluj",
        "sirsup": 57350,
        "anchor": [
          23.84243,
          46.73815
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 886,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 23.99
      },
      {
        "name": "Sânpaul",
        "county": "Cluj",
        "sirsup": 59586,
        "anchor": [
          23.39911,
          46.90345
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 443,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 20.76
      },
      {
        "name": "Cojasca",
        "county": "Dâmbovița",
        "sirsup": 66697,
        "anchor": [
          25.84412,
          44.71705
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1494,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 22.58
      },
      {
        "name": "Amărăștii de Jos",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 70637,
        "anchor": [
          24.20112,
          43.92765
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1552,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 32.99
      },
      {
        "name": "Bârca",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 70940,
        "anchor": [
          23.63726,
          43.9736
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 969,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 28.6
      },
      {
        "name": "Calopăr",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 71457,
        "anchor": [
          23.73624,
          44.1645
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 882,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 27.35
      },
      {
        "name": "Cerăt",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 71698,
        "anchor": [
          23.66231,
          44.0778
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 693,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 20.66
      },
      {
        "name": "Sadova",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 73996,
        "anchor": [
          23.96502,
          43.8815
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1887,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 25.22
      },
      {
        "name": "Catane",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 74842,
        "anchor": [
          23.41981,
          43.9207
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1136,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 62.04
      },
      {
        "name": "Coțofenii din Față",
        "county": "Dolj",
        "sirsup": 74875,
        "anchor": [
          23.65331,
          44.45105
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 718,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 36.86
      },
      {
        "name": "Brăhășești",
        "county": "Galați",
        "sirsup": 75766,
        "anchor": [
          27.35059,
          46.04775
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 5312,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 72.75
      },
      {
        "name": "Lungani",
        "county": "Iași",
        "sirsup": 97722,
        "anchor": [
          27.15079,
          47.1565
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 2598,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 44.49
      },
      {
        "name": "Bărcănești",
        "county": "Ialomița",
        "sirsup": 101056,
        "anchor": [
          26.65143,
          44.60355
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 820,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 24.54
      },
      {
        "name": "Sărulești",
        "county": "Călărași",
        "sirsup": 104886,
        "anchor": [
          26.64446,
          44.41665
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 677,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 24.07
      },
      {
        "name": "Gârla Mare",
        "county": "Mehedinți",
        "sirsup": 111783,
        "anchor": [
          22.77305,
          44.22455
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1392,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 46.87
      },
      {
        "name": "Jiana",
        "county": "Mehedinți",
        "sirsup": 112548,
        "anchor": [
          22.72623,
          44.36875
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 751,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 20.76
      },
      {
        "name": "Punghina",
        "county": "Mehedinți",
        "sirsup": 113395,
        "anchor": [
          22.94798,
          44.30395
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 521,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 28.28
      },
      {
        "name": "Beica de Jos",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 115708,
        "anchor": [
          24.84369,
          46.71945
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 522,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 22.02
      },
      {
        "name": "Coroisânmărtin",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 116171,
        "anchor": [
          24.59481,
          46.39385
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 321,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 26.44
      },
      {
        "name": "Crăciunești",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 116288,
        "anchor": [
          24.57665,
          46.46335
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 842,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 21.52
      },
      {
        "name": "Fărăgău",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 116723,
        "anchor": [
          24.49939,
          46.7589
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 911,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 59.23
      },
      {
        "name": "Mica",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 118209,
        "anchor": [
          24.42097,
          46.3423
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1311,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 28.1
      },
      {
        "name": "Ogra",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 118575,
        "anchor": [
          24.31829,
          46.44085
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 990,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 45.06
      },
      {
        "name": "Sânpaul",
        "county": "Mureș",
        "sirsup": 119466,
        "anchor": [
          24.37608,
          46.4489
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1047,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 26.77
      },
      {
        "name": "Bahna",
        "county": "Neamț",
        "sirsup": 121153,
        "anchor": [
          26.78537,
          46.76225
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 544,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 21.21
      },
      {
        "name": "Grădinari",
        "county": "Olt",
        "sirsup": 127171,
        "anchor": [
          24.27299,
          44.56805
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 613,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 28.63
      },
      {
        "name": "Sângeru",
        "county": "Prahova",
        "sirsup": 135244,
        "anchor": [
          26.3443,
          45.13595
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1133,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 23.55
      },
      {
        "name": "Socond",
        "county": "Satu Mare",
        "sirsup": 138869,
        "anchor": [
          23.0014,
          47.53665
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1006,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 39.9
      },
      {
        "name": "Terebești",
        "county": "Satu Mare",
        "sirsup": 139054,
        "anchor": [
          22.75015,
          47.6712
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 414,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 23.21
      },
      {
        "name": "Tătărăștii de Sus",
        "county": "Teleorman",
        "sirsup": 154665,
        "anchor": [
          25.1266,
          44.4026
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 533,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 20.39
      },
      {
        "name": "Checea",
        "county": "Timiș",
        "sirsup": 159375,
        "anchor": [
          20.83251,
          45.7202
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 775,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 36.98
      },
      {
        "name": "Murgeni",
        "county": "Vaslui",
        "sirsup": 164981,
        "anchor": [
          28.00797,
          46.1989
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1630,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 28.17
      },
      {
        "name": "Slobozia Bradului",
        "county": "Vrancea",
        "sirsup": 177655,
        "anchor": [
          27.04003,
          45.48125
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 6992,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 84.67
      },
      {
        "name": "Borănești",
        "county": "Ialomița",
        "sirsup": 179784,
        "anchor": [
          26.59083,
          44.64265
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 666,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 30.01
      },
      {
        "name": "Coltău",
        "county": "Maramureș",
        "sirsup": 179846,
        "anchor": [
          23.52105,
          47.59205
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 1202,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 41.19
      },
      {
        "name": "Ciceu - Mihăiești",
        "county": "Bistrița-Năsăud",
        "sirsup": 179953,
        "anchor": [
          23.95062,
          47.21905
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 226,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 20.55
      },
      {
        "name": "Porumbești",
        "county": "Satu Mare",
        "sirsup": 180028,
        "anchor": [
          22.96819,
          47.9746
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 489,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 22.11
      },
      {
        "name": "Boghiș",
        "county": "Sălaj",
        "sirsup": 180037,
        "anchor": [
          22.74473,
          47.1617
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 485,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 25.99
      },
      {
        "name": "Bărbulești",
        "county": "Ialomița",
        "sirsup": 180064,
        "anchor": [
          26.59719,
          44.7394
        ],
        "motherTongueCount": 6229,
        "percentOfKnownMotherTongue": 94.39
      }
    ],
    "sourceTerms": "INS RPL 2021 data mapped by ISPMN; no blanket Glottography CC BY license is asserted for this supplement."
  },
  "westernRomani": {
    "reference": "Hameln, Germany",
    "word": "graj",
    "evidence": "Nominative Sinti graj plus Hameln accusative grajes; a documented reference community, not a population maximum.",
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Halwachs, Klinge and Schrammel-Leber (2013), RomIdent Paper 3, p. 10 table 2: Romani horse cognates and Armenian loan origin",
        "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/virtuallibrary/librarydb/web/files/pdfs/356/Paper3.pdf#page=11"
      },
      {
        "title": "Manchester Romani Project, Sinti dialect sampler: Hameln, Germany, Holzinger 1993",
        "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/interactive/sampler/d901.html"
      },
      {
        "title": "Elsik and Matras, Modals in Romani, p. 20 example 28: Hameln Sinti grajes, horse.ACC, citing Holzinger 1993:325",
        "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/downloads/2/Elsik-Matras_Modals%20in%20Romani.pdf#page=20"
      }
    ]
  },
  "linguisticDistinction": "Romani varieties share the Armenian grast loan set. Domari is a distinct Indo-Aryan language; its documented horse word is researched separately.",
  "syrianDomari": {
    "word": "agōra",
    "alternateTranscription": "agorà (Matras and Kelzi 2024); à represents vowel quality",
    "lexicalReference": "Aleppo",
    "origin": "domari-ghota",
    "communityReferences": [
      {
        "name": "Aleppo, Ashrafiyye reference",
        "anchor": [
          37.14,
          36.23
        ],
        "status": "Documented source community; extensive post-2011 dispersal described by the 2024 source."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sayyida Zainab, Damascus region",
        "anchor": [
          36.34,
          33.45
        ],
        "status": "Older community evidence; no exact contemporary Damascus horse lexeme verified."
      }
    ],
    "historicalDamascusEvidence": {
      "collected": 1881,
      "published": 1891,
      "phrases": [
        {
          "form": "gordagoreih",
          "gloss": "a good horse"
        },
        {
          "form": "sheuecgoreih",
          "gloss": "a bad horse"
        }
      ],
      "caveat": "Groome prints phrases without segmentation; extracting goreih is an inference, not a checked modern citation form."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Herin (2012), The Domari Language of Aleppo, p. 17: agor-es / agor-en from Indo-Aryan ghota; p. 2: Damascus community",
        "url": "https://journals.dartmouth.edu/journals/xmlpage/1/article/412?htmlOnce=yes"
      },
      {
        "title": "Herin (2016), Elements of Domari Dialectology, p. 46 table 7: northern (a)gora, southern gori",
        "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/bruno_herin_2016_elements_of_domari_dialectology_mediterranean_language_review_23.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "Matras and Kelzi (2024), The Dom language of Aleppo, pp. 9–10: agora in the authors transcription; pp. 4–5: diaspora and source-speaker limits",
        "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/matras-kelzi-2024-dom-language-of-aleppo-preliminary-sketch.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "Groome (1891), Persian and Syrian Gypsies, p. 25: historical Damascus horse phrases collected in 1881",
        "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/groome_1891_persian_and_syrian_gypsies.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "displayNote": "The Damascus reference repeats Aleppo agōra with the same unboxed Domari caption and word style. This is an explicitly shared lexical reference, not new Damascus lexical evidence."
  },
  "iraqiKawliya": {
    "status": "Modern community-specific horse lexeme not verified; no word or language boundary has been invented.",
    "communityPresence": "Al-Qadissiya and around Baghdad, Basra and Mosul are documented in the 2017 community report, with heterogeneous identities discussed in later fieldwork.",
    "historicalComparison": {
      "word": "asp",
      "sourceLabel": "Duman",
      "informantOrigin": "Altun Kupri, described as in the Baghdad pashalik; not Baghdad city",
      "year": 1856,
      "caveat": "This historical record cannot establish present-day Kawliya vocabulary, language identity or a universal shift to Arabic."
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Reuters (2018), Children of Iraq’s Kawliya go to school after 14-year hiatus: Al-Zuhoor village, Diwaniya",
        "url": "https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/children-of-iraqs-kawliya-go-to-school-after-14-year-hiatus/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMTg6bmV3c21sX1ZBOEJUSjRVVA"
      },
      {
        "title": "Newbold (1856), The Gypsies of Egypt, pp. 303–304: historical Duman informant from Altun Kupri, asp, horse",
        "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/newbold_1856_the_gypsies_of_egypt.pdf"
      },
      {
        "title": "Minority Rights Group (2017), Iraqi Kawliyah communities, including Al-Qadissiya and Baghdad/Basra/Mosul surroundings",
        "url": "https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2017/en/107422"
      },
      {
        "title": "Edgcumbe (2024), MERI Policy Paper 6(2), pp. 5–6: heterogeneous Iraqi community identities",
        "url": "https://www.meri-k.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MERI-Policy-Paper-vol.6-no.2-1.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "mapRepresentation": {
      "id": "kawliya-iq",
      "name": "Kawliya (Iraq)",
      "mapCaption": "Kawliya",
      "anchor": [
        44.92,
        31.99
      ],
      "mapOffset": [
        -15,
        28
      ],
      "notes": "No modern Iraqi Kawliya-specific word for horse has been verified. The open marker records documented community presence only and is not assigned a horse-word origin colour. Newbold (1856) recorded asp from a Duman informant from Altun Kupri; that historical northern Iraqi record is not substituted for present-day Kawliya speech in southern Iraq. Iraqi communities have varied language practices and identities.",
      "locationNote": "Approximate Diwaniyah regional reference, not an exact village coordinate, boundary or current population estimate. Reuters reported from Al-Zuhoor village, Diwaniya, in 2018; Minority Rights Group documents communities in Al-Qadissiya.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Reuters (2018), Children of Iraq’s Kawliya go to school after 14-year hiatus: Al-Zuhoor village, Diwaniya",
          "url": "https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/children-of-iraqs-kawliya-go-to-school-after-14-year-hiatus/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMTg6bmV3c21sX1ZBOEJUSjRVVA"
        },
        {
          "title": "Newbold (1856), The Gypsies of Egypt, pp. 303–304: historical Duman informant from Altun Kupri, asp, horse",
          "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/newbold_1856_the_gypsies_of_egypt.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Minority Rights Group (2017), Iraqi Kawliyah communities, including Al-Qadissiya and Baghdad/Basra/Mosul surroundings",
          "url": "https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2017/en/107422"
        },
        {
          "title": "Edgcumbe (2024), MERI Policy Paper 6(2), pp. 5–6: heterogeneous Iraqi community identities",
          "url": "https://www.meri-k.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MERI-Policy-Paper-vol.6-no.2-1.pdf"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "balkanAndEasternReferences": {
    "method": "Twelve equal-size approximate town locators from the primary RMS inventory. They document language-reference communities, not current population counts, density or complete distribution. Romanian census selection and linguistic sample selection are explicitly different. Displayed grast is a reference form; individual word-evidence qualifications are retained below.",
    "count": 12,
    "locations": [
      {
        "name": "Deronje",
        "country": "Serbia",
        "variety": "Gurbetsky",
        "referenceCode": "YU-002",
        "anchor": [
          19.22,
          45.455
        ],
        "note": "Gurbetsky Romani, RMS YU-002. Comparative Gurbet gra; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Beočin",
        "country": "Serbia",
        "variety": "Bugurdži Arli",
        "referenceCode": "YU-012",
        "anchor": [
          19.72,
          45.19
        ],
        "note": "Bugurdži Arli Romani, RMS YU-012. Comparative Arlije/Bugurdži gras; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Gjilan / Gnjilane",
        "country": "Kosovo",
        "variety": "Kosovan Arli",
        "referenceCode": "YU-016",
        "anchor": [
          21.47,
          42.46
        ],
        "note": "Kosovan Arli Romani, RMS YU-016. Comparative Arlije gras; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Šutka, Skopje",
        "country": "North Macedonia",
        "variety": "Arli",
        "referenceCode": "MK-003",
        "anchor": [
          21.42,
          42.04
        ],
        "note": "Arli Romani, RMS MK-003. Comparative Arlije gras; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Sofia",
        "country": "Bulgaria",
        "variety": "Sofia Erli",
        "referenceCode": "BG-024",
        "anchor": [
          23.32,
          42.7
        ],
        "note": "Sofia Erli Romani, RMS BG-024. Community documentation; no independently recovered local horse lemma. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Fier / Fieri",
        "country": "Albania",
        "variety": "Mečkari",
        "referenceCode": "AL-001",
        "anchor": [
          19.56,
          40.72
        ],
        "note": "Mečkari Romani, RMS AL-001. Community documentation; no independently recovered local horse lemma. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Parakalamos",
        "country": "Greece",
        "variety": "Romacilikanes",
        "referenceCode": "GR-002",
        "anchor": [
          20.565,
          39.875
        ],
        "note": "Romacilikanes Romani, RMS GR-002. Local grast is directly documented in Matras (2004), p. 72. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          },
          {
            "title": "Matras (2004), The Romani dialect of Parakalamos, p. 72: grast, horse",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/downloads/2/Matras_Parakal.pdf#page=14"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Budva",
        "country": "Montenegro",
        "variety": "Gurbet",
        "referenceCode": "YU-017",
        "anchor": [
          18.84,
          42.29
        ],
        "note": "Gurbet Romani, RMS YU-017. Comparative Gurbet gra; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Čakovec",
        "country": "Croatia",
        "variety": "Gurbet",
        "referenceCode": "HR-001",
        "anchor": [
          16.43,
          46.385
        ],
        "note": "Gurbet Romani, RMS HR-001. Comparative Gurbet gra; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Krompachy",
        "country": "Slovakia",
        "variety": "East Slovak",
        "referenceCode": "SK-011",
        "anchor": [
          20.875,
          48.915
        ],
        "note": "East Slovak Romani, RMS SK-011. Comparative East Slovak grast; the local horse response was not independently recovered. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Győr",
        "country": "Hungary",
        "variety": "Lovari",
        "referenceCode": "HU-004",
        "anchor": [
          17.635,
          47.685
        ],
        "note": "Lovari Romani, RMS HU-004. Community documentation; no independently recovered local horse lemma. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Chișinău / Kišinev",
        "country": "Moldova",
        "variety": "Laješa / Kišinevcy",
        "referenceCode": "MD-001",
        "anchor": [
          28.835,
          47.01
        ],
        "note": "Laješa / Kišinevcy Romani, RMS MD-001. Community documentation; no independently recovered local horse lemma. Approximate town locator; this is a documented language sample, not a population-density estimate.",
        "sources": [
          {
            "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
            "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
        "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
      },
      {
        "title": "Matras (2004), The Romani dialect of Parakalamos, p. 72: grast, horse",
        "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/downloads/2/Matras_Parakal.pdf#page=14"
      }
    ]
  },
  "markerPresentation": "Romani, Sinti Romani and both Domari word references use the same unboxed caption and word style. Damascus repeats the Aleppo lexical reference with a leader to its community marker; it has no place-name caption or background box. A neutral open Kawliya marker near Diwaniyah documents community presence without assigning an unverified horse word or origin colour."
}