{
  "title": "Horse map source catalog",
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "generatedFrom": "Horse lexicon and reused, attributed snow-atlas geometry",
  "counts": {
    "languages": 128,
    "wordOriginSets": 38,
    "lexicalCanonicalSources": 180,
    "languageAreaFeatures": 185,
    "documentedLexicalJoins": 101,
    "displayedOriginGroups": 42
  },
  "geography": [
    {
      "id": "asher",
      "title": "The Glottography Consortium (2026), asher2007world v2.0",
      "citation": "Asher, R. E. & Christopher J. Moseley (eds.) 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages. 2nd edn. Routledge.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "sourceCommit": "5590fcc8870d8883a323ff0defd5a1a6a03e9611",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Dataset repository",
          "url": "https://github.com/Glottography/asher2007world"
        },
        {
          "label": "Dataset DOI",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18613195"
        },
        {
          "label": "Exact source GeoJSON",
          "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Glottography/asher2007world/5590fcc8870d8883a323ff0defd5a1a6a03e9611/cldf/contemporary/features.geojson"
        }
      ],
      "usedFor": "Contemporary speaker-area polygons; source atlas published in 2007, digitized dataset version 2.0."
    },
    {
      "id": "glottography-carling2025diacl",
      "title": "Carling, Gerd & Jost Gippert (eds.) 2025. DiACL/TITUS Polygon Archive. Frankfurt am Main: Goethe University.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "sourceCommit": "7a8588553d69799de95efe1787a3fc87d03aa1f2",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Dataset repository",
          "url": "https://github.com/Glottography/carling2025diacl"
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary resource",
          "url": "https://diacl.uni-frankfurt.de/GeographicalPresence/Index"
        },
        {
          "label": "Derived dataset DOI",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18614010"
        }
      ],
      "usedFor": "Traditional areas for Catalan, Occitan, Cornish, Crimean Tatar, Northern Kurdish and Central Kurdish; reference year 1750, with source timeframes usually 1750–2000."
    },
    {
      "id": "glottography-rantanen2021uralic",
      "title": "Rantanen, T., Vesakoski, O., Ylikoski, J., & Tolvanen, H. (2021). Geographical database of the Uralic languages (v1.0). Zenodo.",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "sourceCommit": "bac771be7f659544458217e2a32b4f8256b5832b",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Dataset repository",
          "url": "https://github.com/Glottography/rantanen2021uralic"
        },
        {
          "label": "Original dataset DOI",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188"
        },
        {
          "label": "Derived dataset DOI",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18643660"
        },
        {
          "label": "Methods paper",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269648"
        }
      ],
      "usedFor": "Traditional Northern Sámi and Veps areas, approximately the widest known at the beginning of the 20th century."
    },
    {
      "id": "natural-earth",
      "title": "Natural Earth 1:50m Admin 0 – Countries",
      "license": "Natural Earth public domain",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Source download",
          "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/50m-cultural-vectors/50m-admin-0-countries-2/"
        },
        {
          "label": "Terms of use",
          "url": "https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/"
        }
      ],
      "usedFor": "Complete reference-language land fill underneath language polygons; country boundaries are not linguistic boundaries."
    },
    {
      "id": "glottolog-reference-points",
      "title": "Glottolog 5.3: language reference locations",
      "license": "CC BY 4.0",
      "usedFor": "Reference points for Maaloula Western Neo-Aramaic and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic; locations do not define speaker-area boundaries.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Western Neo-Aramaic",
          "url": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2763"
        },
        {
          "label": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
          "url": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/assy1241"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "romania-hungarian-rpl2021",
      "title": "Hungarian mother tongue in Romania, INS RPL 2021 via ISPMN",
      "citation": "Romanian INS RPL 2021 mother-tongue data, table 2.03.2, mapped by ISPMN",
      "usedFor": "Replacement Hungarian footprint within Romania: 202 administrative units with >50% Hungarian mother tongue among known responses; Székely enclave and smaller western pockets.",
      "license": "No explicit dataset license stated on the map page; source attribution retained. This supplement is not represented as part of the Glottography CC BY 4.0 data.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "ISPMN census map and methodology",
          "url": "https://www.ispmn.gov.ro/maps2022"
        },
        {
          "label": "Exact map geometry and census attributes",
          "url": "https://ispmn.gov.ro/maps_2022/data/uat_merged_simp02.json"
        },
        {
          "label": "Romanian census definitive results",
          "url": "https://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-rpl-2021/rezultate-definitive/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "french-flanders-display-revision",
      "title": "French Flanders: minority language and editorial display revision",
      "citation": "French Ministry of Culture; CNRS MoDyCo Entrelangues; ANVT–ILRF",
      "usedFor": "Removed the atlas Dutch/Flemish solid footprint only inside the Natural Earth France boundary. The existing French reference background is visible there. A French Flemish peerd point at Quaëdypre preserves minority-language presence without inventing a modern majority-speaking boundary. Dutch/Flemish areas outside France are unchanged. This is an editorial display choice, not a new census or an assertion that Flemish has disappeared.",
      "license": "Lexical and sociolinguistic facts are cited; the geometry transformation uses the existing attributed atlas and Natural Earth data.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "CNRS MoDyCo, Entrelangues: West Flemish, minority use and French dominance",
          "url": "https://entrelangues.modyco.fr/index.php/Flamand_occidental"
        },
        {
          "label": "French Ministry of Culture: regional languages, including West Flemish",
          "url": "https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/langue-francaise-et-langues-de-france/agir-pour-les-langues/promouvoir-les-langues-de-france/langues-regionales"
        },
        {
          "label": "ANVT–ILRF: French Flemish peerd in local usage (Quaëdypre)",
          "url": "https://anvt.org/vl/nieuws/55-nieuws-van-de-anvt?start=50"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Romanian Romani mother-tongue community markers, INS RPL 2021 / ISPMN",
      "usedFor": "58 representative interior points of census administrative units above 20% Romani mother tongue among known responses. Equal marker size; no commune-wide territory or uniform local dialect is inferred. Ethnic Roma counts are not substituted for language data.",
      "license": "No explicit dataset license stated on the map page; source attribution retained. This is separately attributed from the Glottography CC BY data.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Census map and method",
          "url": "https://www.ispmn.gov.ro/maps2022"
        },
        {
          "label": "Exact census geometry and attributes",
          "url": "https://www.ispmn.gov.ro/maps_2022/data/uat_merged_simp02.json"
        },
        {
          "label": "Selection audit",
          "url": "./data/romani-domari-review.json"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Domari and Iraqi Kawliya community-reference review",
      "usedFor": "Syrian Domari agōra is an Aleppo lexical reference, also repeated beside the older Damascus community marker. Iraqi Kawliya have a labelled open community-only marker at an approximate Diwaniyah regional reference, supported by Reuters reporting from Al-Zuhoor (2018) and Minority Rights Group (2017). No modern Kawliya horse word was verified; historical Duman asp is kept separate.",
      "license": "Published scholarly and community reports retain their respective terms. Brief facts and original summaries are attributed.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "Reuters (2018), Children of Iraq’s Kawliya go to school after 14-year hiatus: Al-Zuhoor village, Diwaniya",
          "url": "https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/children-of-iraqs-kawliya-go-to-school-after-14-year-hiatus/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMTg6bmV3c21sX1ZBOEJUSjRVVA"
        },
        {
          "label": "Newbold (1856), The Gypsies of Egypt, pp. 303–304: historical Duman informant from Altun Kupri, asp, horse",
          "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/newbold_1856_the_gypsies_of_egypt.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Minority Rights Group (2017), Iraqi Kawliyah communities, including Al-Qadissiya and Baghdad/Basra/Mosul surroundings",
          "url": "https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2017/en/107422"
        },
        {
          "label": "Edgcumbe (2024), MERI Policy Paper 6(2), pp. 5–6: heterogeneous Iraqi community identities",
          "url": "https://www.meri-k.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MERI-Policy-Paper-vol.6-no.2-1.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "Herin 2012, Aleppo and Damascus references",
          "url": "https://journals.dartmouth.edu/journals/xmlpage/1/article/412?htmlOnce=yes"
        },
        {
          "label": "Groome historical Damascus source",
          "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/groome_1891_persian_and_syrian_gypsies.pdf"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Balkan and Eastern European Romani reference communities",
      "usedFor": "Twelve approximate town locators in Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary and Moldova. The RMS documentation samples are not population-density measurements or a complete distribution. Local grast is directly attested at Parakalamos; individual evidence limits are in the minority-reference audit.",
      "license": "The linguistic sources retain their own terms; reference facts and approximate editorial town locators are attributed. No surveyed ethnic boundaries are drawn.",
      "urls": [
        {
          "label": "RMS sample inventory",
          "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html"
        },
        {
          "label": "Parakalamos primary field study",
          "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/downloads/2/Matras_Parakal.pdf#page=14"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "id": "L001",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fh%E2%82%81%C3%A9%E1%B8%B1wos",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L002",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asb-pre-islamic-iran/",
      "title": "Encyclopaedia Iranica: ASB i., Iranian horse terminology",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L003",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/each#Scottish_Gaelic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Scottish Gaelic each, via Old Irish ech and Proto-Celtic *ekʷos",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "gla",
          "name": "Scottish Gaelic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L004",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82#Greek",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Greek ίππος, another surviving PIE horse-word reflex",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ell-hippos",
          "name": "Greek (learned ίππος)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L005",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equus#Latin",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Latin equus, inherited PIE horse noun",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L006",
      "url": "https://urkesh.org/attach/Ivanov1999a.pdf#page=36",
      "title": "Ivanov (1999), Comparative Notes, PDF p. 36: Talysh, Gilyan and Mazandarani horse forms",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "glk",
          "name": "Gilaki"
        },
        {
          "id": "tly",
          "name": "Talyshi (Iranian word reference)"
        },
        {
          "id": "mzn",
          "name": "Mazandarani"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L007",
      "url": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt77w684h2/qt77w684h2.pdf",
      "title": "Cathcart (2015), Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry, p. 135: Mazandarani asb",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "pie-horse",
          "name": "PIE horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mzn",
          "name": "Mazandarani"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L008",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caballus",
      "title": "Wiktionary: caballus",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "caballus",
          "name": "Caballus word-family"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L009",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capall#Irish",
      "title": "Wiktionary: capall (Irish)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "caballus",
          "name": "Caballus word-family"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "gle",
          "name": "Irish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L010",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ceffyl#Welsh",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ceffyl (Welsh)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "caballus",
          "name": "Caballus word-family"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "cym",
          "name": "Welsh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L011",
      "url": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=caballus",
      "title": "Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary: caballus",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "caballus",
          "name": "Caballus word-family"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L012",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2Fhruss%C4%85",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrussą",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-horse",
          "name": "Germanic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L013",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horse#English",
      "title": "Wiktionary: horse (English)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-horse",
          "name": "Germanic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "eng",
          "name": "English"
        },
        {
          "id": "apc",
          "name": "Syrian Arabic"
        },
        {
          "id": "uzb",
          "name": "Uzbek"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L014",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paraveredus",
      "title": "Wiktionary: paraveredus",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "post-horse",
          "name": "Late Latin"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L015",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pferd#German",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Pferd (German)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "post-horse",
          "name": "Late Latin"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "deu",
          "name": "German"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L016",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paard#Dutch",
      "title": "Wiktionary: paard (Dutch)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "post-horse",
          "name": "Late Latin"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "nld",
          "name": "Dutch"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L017",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Germanic%2Fhangistaz",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hangistaz",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-stallion",
          "name": "Germanic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L018",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hynder#West_Frisian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hynder (West Frisian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-stallion",
          "name": "Germanic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "fry",
          "name": "West Frisian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L019",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hiisti#Greenlandic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hiisti (Greenlandic)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-stallion",
          "name": "Germanic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kal",
          "name": "Greenlandic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L020",
      "url": "https://geolinguistics.sakura.ne.jp/Monograph/SiG-mono3-LAAA-1-ebook.pdf",
      "title": "Matsumoto Ryo, Horse in Uralic, Linguistic Atlas of Asia and Africa, p.147",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "germanic-stallion",
          "name": "Germanic"
        },
        {
          "id": "mari-horse",
          "name": "Mari"
        },
        {
          "id": "nenets-horse",
          "name": "Turkic → Samoyedic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "sme",
          "name": "Northern Sámi"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L021",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Slavic%2Fko%C5%88%D1%8C",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/koňь",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "slavic-horse",
          "name": "Slavic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L022",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konj#Serbo-Croatian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: konj (Serbo-Croatian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "slavic-horse",
          "name": "Slavic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "hbs",
          "name": "Serbian–Croatian–Bosnian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L023",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C#Ukrainian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: кінь (Ukrainian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "slavic-horse",
          "name": "Slavic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ukr",
          "name": "Ukrainian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L024",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C#Russian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: лошадь (Russian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "russian-turkic",
          "name": "Turkic → Russian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rus",
          "name": "Russian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L025",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arklys#Lithuanian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: arklys (Lithuanian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "lithuanian-plough",
          "name": "Lithuanian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "lit",
          "name": "Lithuanian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L026",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zirgs#Latvian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: zirgs (Latvian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "baltic-steed",
          "name": "Baltic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "lav",
          "name": "Latvian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L027",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Celtic%2Fmarkos",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/markos",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "celtic-markos",
          "name": "Celtic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L028",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF#Greek",
      "title": "Wiktionary: άλογο (Greek)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "greek-speechless",
          "name": "Greek"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ell",
          "name": "Greek"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L029",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%AB#Old_Armenian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ձի (Old Armenian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "armenian-steed",
          "name": "Armenian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L030",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2F%C7%B5%CA%B0%C3%A9yos",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyos",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "armenian-steed",
          "name": "Armenian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L031",
      "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/virtuallibrary/librarydb/web/files/pdfs/356/Paper3.pdf#page=11",
      "title": "Halwachs, Klinge and Schrammel-Leber (2013), RomIdent Paper 3, p. 10 table 2: Romani horse cognates and Armenian loan origin",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "romani-grast",
          "name": "Armenian loan into Romani"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
        },
        {
          "id": "rmo-de",
          "name": "Sinti Romani (Hameln, Germany)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L032",
      "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/whatis/language/earlyromani.html",
      "title": "Manchester Romani Project: Early Romani, Armenian loan grast",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "romani-grast",
          "name": "Armenian loan into Romani"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
        },
        {
          "id": "rmo-de",
          "name": "Sinti Romani (Hameln, Germany)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L033",
      "url": "https://www.armdict.com/dictionary/english-armenian/beast",
      "title": "ArmDict English–Armenian dictionary: beast of burden, գրաստ",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "romani-grast",
          "name": "Armenian loan into Romani"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L034",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D3%95%D1%85#Ossetian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: бӕх (Ossetian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ossetian-horse",
          "name": "Ossetian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "oss",
          "name": "Ossetian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L035",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Finnic%2Fh%C3%ABpo",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hëpo",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "finnic-horse",
          "name": "Finnic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L036",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hevonen#Finnish",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hevonen (Finnish)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "finnic-horse",
          "name": "Finnic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "fin",
          "name": "Finnish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L037",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/l%C3%B3#Hungarian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ló (Hungarian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ugric-horse",
          "name": "Ugric"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "hun",
          "name": "Hungarian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L038",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Ugric%2Flu%C9%A3%C7%9D",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Ugric/luɣǝ",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ugric-horse",
          "name": "Ugric"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L039",
      "url": "https://uesz.nytud.hu/index.html?uuid=c14ded34-7c44-1014-a8d2-ae24c20aeb7e",
      "title": "HUN-REN, Új magyar etimológiai szótár: ló, Ugric inheritance and Khanty/Mansi cognates",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ugric-horse",
          "name": "Ugric"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "hun",
          "name": "Hungarian"
        },
        {
          "id": "hun-ro",
          "name": "Hungarian (Romania, Székely area)"
        },
        {
          "id": "kca",
          "name": "Khanty (Kazym word reference)"
        },
        {
          "id": "mns",
          "name": "Northern Mansi"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L040",
      "url": "https://ouipiir.ru/sites/default/files/docs/635-1402.pdf",
      "title": "V. N. Solovar 2014, Khanty–Russian Dictionary (Kazym dialect), p. 154: ԓов, horse",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ugric-horse",
          "name": "Ugric"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kca",
          "name": "Khanty (Kazym word reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L041",
      "url": "https://mansy-audio-dic.ouipiir.ru/",
      "title": "Ob-Ugric Institute, short Mansi–Russian dictionary: лув, horse",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "ugric-horse",
          "name": "Ugric"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mns",
          "name": "Northern Mansi"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L042",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB#Udmurt",
      "title": "Wiktionary: вал (Udmurt)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "permic-horse",
          "name": "Permic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "udm",
          "name": "Udmurt"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L043",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D3%A7%D0%B2#Komi-Zyrian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: вӧв (Komi-Zyrian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "permic-horse",
          "name": "Permic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kpv",
          "name": "Komi-Zyrian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L044",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5#Eastern_Mari",
      "title": "Wiktionary: имне (Eastern Mari)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "mari-horse",
          "name": "Mari"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mhr",
          "name": "Meadow Mari"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L045",
      "url": "https://copius.univie.ac.at/etymology/slides_13_samo.pdf",
      "title": "COPIUS, Samoyedic historical phonology: *juntå → Tundra Nenets juna/juno",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "nenets-horse",
          "name": "Turkic → Samoyedic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "yrk",
          "name": "Tundra Nenets"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L046",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zaldi#Basque",
      "title": "Wiktionary: zaldi (Basque)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "basque-horse",
          "name": "Basque"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "eus",
          "name": "Basque"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L047",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86#Arabic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: حصان (Arabic)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-hisan",
          "name": "Arabic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "arb",
          "name": "Arabic (standard reference)"
        },
        {
          "id": "acm",
          "name": "Mesopotamian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L048",
      "url": "https://journals.uco.es/index.php/edna/article/download/8302/7778",
      "title": "Lameen Souag (2002), The Algerian Arabic of Dellys: ʕud / ʕwad, horse, appendix p. 33",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-awd",
          "name": "Arabic ʕawd horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "arq",
          "name": "Algerian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L049",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#Algerian_Arabic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Algerian Arabic عود, from Arabic ʕawd, a camel trained for riding",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-awd",
          "name": "Arabic ʕawd horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "arq",
          "name": "Algerian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L050",
      "url": "https://amyaz.fr/uploads/66db4e13ca98e.pdf",
      "title": "Kossmann (2013), The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber, pp. 149–150: horse words and Arabic loans",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-awd",
          "name": "Arabic ʕawd horse word"
        },
        {
          "id": "berber-horse",
          "name": "Berber"
        },
        {
          "id": "berber-agmar",
          "name": "Berber agmar set"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kab",
          "name": "Kabyle"
        },
        {
          "id": "ary",
          "name": "Moroccan Arabic"
        },
        {
          "id": "rif",
          "name": "Tarifiyt / Rif (inherited word)"
        },
        {
          "id": "jbn",
          "name": "Nafusi"
        },
        {
          "id": "gha",
          "name": "Ghadames Berber"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L051",
      "url": "https://darijadictionary.com/en/index/horse-in-moroccan-arabic-darija/",
      "title": "Darija Dictionary: عود, horse, with native audio",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-awd",
          "name": "Arabic ʕawd horse word"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ary",
          "name": "Moroccan Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L052",
      "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED294423.pdf#page=269",
      "title": "Peace Corps (1979), Hassaniya Arabic handbook, p. 249: written فرس, horse",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "arabic-faras",
          "name": "Arabic faras set"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mey",
          "name": "Hassaniya (written-word reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L053",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1#Hebrew",
      "title": "Wiktionary: סוס (Hebrew)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "semitic-sus",
          "name": "Hebrew & Aramaic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "heb",
          "name": "Hebrew"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L054",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90#Classical_Syriac",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ܣܘܣܝܐ (Classical Syriac)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "semitic-sus",
          "name": "Hebrew & Aramaic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L055",
      "url": "https://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?lemma=swsy%20N&cits=all",
      "title": "Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon, swsy horse",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "semitic-sus",
          "name": "Hebrew & Aramaic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L056",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCiemel#Maltese",
      "title": "Wiktionary: żiemel (Maltese)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "maltese-horse",
          "name": "Arabic → Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mlt",
          "name": "Maltese"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L057",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99#Central_Atlas_Tamazight",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ⴰⵢⵉⵙ (Central Atlas Tamazight)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "berber-horse",
          "name": "Berber"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "tzm",
          "name": "Central Atlas Tamazight"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L058",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ayyis#Tashelhit",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ayyis (Tashelhit)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "berber-horse",
          "name": "Berber"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "shi",
          "name": "Tachelhit"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L059",
      "url": "https://www.temehu.com/imazighen/dictionaries/Amawals/tamazight-english-dictionary-acf.pdf",
      "title": "Tamazight–English Dictionary, horse: ayyis",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "berber-horse",
          "name": "Berber"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": []
    },
    {
      "id": "L060",
      "url": "https://wold.clld.org/word/7212058936344482",
      "title": "Kossmann, WOLD Tarifiyt: yis, horse, Common Berber; no evidence of borrowing",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "berber-horse",
          "name": "Berber"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rif",
          "name": "Tarifiyt / Rif (inherited word)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L061",
      "url": "https://orientalberber.wordpress.com/category/nefusa/",
      "title": "Marijn van Putten, Nefusa Text: The story of the wild animals, agmár, horse, analysing Beguinot 1942",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "berber-agmar",
          "name": "Berber agmar set"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "jbn",
          "name": "Nafusi"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L062",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Turkic%2Fat",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/at",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "turkic-at",
          "name": "Turkic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "uzb",
          "name": "Uzbek"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L063",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at#Turkish",
      "title": "Wiktionary: at (Turkish)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "turkic-at",
          "name": "Turkic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "tur",
          "name": "Turkish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L064",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B#Kazakh",
      "title": "Wiktionary: жылқы (Kazakh)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "turkic-livestock",
          "name": "Turkic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kaz",
          "name": "Kazakh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L065",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98#Georgian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ცხენი (Georgian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "kartvelian-horse",
          "name": "Kartvelian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kat",
          "name": "Georgian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L066",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80#Chechen",
      "title": "Wiktionary: говр (Chechen)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "nakh-horse",
          "name": "Nakh"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "che",
          "name": "Chechen"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L067",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80#Ingush",
      "title": "Wiktionary: говр (Ingush)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "nakh-horse",
          "name": "Nakh"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "inh",
          "name": "Ingush"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L068",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D1%8B#East_Circassian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: шы (East Circassian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "circassian-horse",
          "name": "Circassian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kbd",
          "name": "Kabardian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L069",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D1%8B#West_Circassian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: шы (West Circassian)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "circassian-horse",
          "name": "Circassian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ady",
          "name": "Adyghe"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L070",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%87%D1%83#Avar",
      "title": "Wiktionary: чу (Avar)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "avar-horse",
          "name": "Avar"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ava",
          "name": "Avar"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L071",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8#Dargwa",
      "title": "Wiktionary: урчи (Dargwa)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "dargwa-horse",
          "name": "Dargwa"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "dar",
          "name": "Dargwa"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L072",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2#Lezgi",
      "title": "Wiktionary: шив (Lezgi)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "lezgian-horse",
          "name": "Lezgian"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "lez",
          "name": "Lezgian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L073",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%87%D0%B2%D1%83#Lak",
      "title": "Wiktionary: чву (Lak)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "lak-horse",
          "name": "Lak"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "lbe",
          "name": "Lak"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L074",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BD#Kalmyk",
      "title": "Wiktionary: мөрн (Kalmyk)",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "mongolic-horse",
          "name": "Mongolic"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "xal",
          "name": "Kalmyk"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L075",
      "url": "https://journals.dartmouth.edu/journals/xmlpage/1/article/412?htmlOnce=yes",
      "title": "Herin (2012), The Domari Language of Aleppo, p. 17: agor-es / agor-en from Indo-Aryan ghota; p. 2: Damascus community",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "domari-ghota",
          "name": "Indo-Aryan ghota set"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rmt-sy",
          "name": "Domari (Aleppo word; Damascus community reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L076",
      "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/bruno_herin_2016_elements_of_domari_dialectology_mediterranean_language_review_23.pdf",
      "title": "Herin (2016), Elements of Domari Dialectology, p. 46 table 7: northern (a)gora, southern gori",
      "rootUses": [
        {
          "id": "domari-ghota",
          "name": "Indo-Aryan ghota set"
        }
      ],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rmt-sy",
          "name": "Domari (Aleppo word; Damascus community reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L077",
      "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/matras-kelzi-2024-dom-language-of-aleppo-preliminary-sketch.pdf",
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          "id": "sco",
          "name": "Scots"
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      ]
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      ]
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          "id": "nld",
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      ]
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      ]
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      ]
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      ]
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      "title": "Gramota: конь, riding horse, male horse and poetic/specialist uses",
      "rootUses": [],
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      ]
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      ]
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      "rootUses": [],
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      ]
    },
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      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C3%B3%C5%84#Upper_Sorbian",
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      ]
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      "url": "https://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/search.html?lq=%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF",
      "title": "Centre for the Greek Language: Triantafyllidis, ιππο- and learned compounds",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "ell",
          "name": "Greek"
        },
        {
          "id": "ell-hippos",
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      ]
    },
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      "id": "L120",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%AB#Armenian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ձի (Armenian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "hye",
          "name": "Armenian"
        }
      ]
    },
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      "id": "L121",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kal%C3%AB#Albanian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: kalë (Albanian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "sqi",
          "name": "Albanian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L122",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8#Persian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: اسب (Persian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "pes",
          "name": "Persian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L123",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hesp#Northern_Kurdish",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hesp (Northern Kurdish)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kmr",
          "name": "Northern Kurdish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L124",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hobune#Estonian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hobune (Estonian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "est",
          "name": "Estonian"
        }
      ]
    },
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      "id": "L125",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hebo#Karelian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hebo (Karelian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "krl",
          "name": "Karelian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L126",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hebo#Veps",
      "title": "Wiktionary: hebo (Veps)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "vep",
          "name": "Veps"
        }
      ]
    },
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      "id": "L127",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86#Tunisian_Arabic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: حصان (Tunisian Arabic)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "aeb",
          "name": "Tunisian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L128",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/flin-2016-0021",
      "title": "Čéplö et al. (2016), Mutual intelligibility of spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic, Appendix A W002C01",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "aeb",
          "name": "Tunisian Arabic"
        },
        {
          "id": "ayl",
          "name": "Libyan Arabic (Benghazi reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L129",
      "url": "https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~abenkato/publications.html",
      "title": "Adam Benkato, author publication list linking the full Tunisia/Libya study, item 26",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "aeb",
          "name": "Tunisian Arabic"
        },
        {
          "id": "ayl",
          "name": "Libyan Arabic (Benghazi reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L130",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86#Egyptian_Arabic",
      "title": "Wiktionary: حصان (Egyptian Arabic)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "arz",
          "name": "Egyptian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L131",
      "url": "https://aidacatania.unict.it/AIDA16_Booklet_of_Abstracts_09_06_2026_DEF.pdf",
      "title": "AIDA16 Booklet of Abstracts (2026), Baghdadi Arabic plant names: il-ḥiṣān in horse-tail, p.60",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "acm",
          "name": "Mesopotamian Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L132",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at#Azerbaijani",
      "title": "Wiktionary: at (Azerbaijani)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "aze",
          "name": "Azerbaijani"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L133",
      "url": "https://sozdikqor.kz/soz?a=AT1&id=114416",
      "title": "Sozdikqor / Қазақ әдеби тілінің сөздігі: ат, a male riding or working horse",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "kaz",
          "name": "Kazakh"
        },
        {
          "id": "kaz-at",
          "name": "Kazakh (riding / working ат)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L134",
      "url": "https://sozdikqor.kz/soz?a=Jylqy+eti&id=405726",
      "title": "Sozdikqor / Қазақ әдеби тілінің сөздігі: жылқы еті, horse meat",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kaz",
          "name": "Kazakh"
        },
        {
          "id": "kaz-at",
          "name": "Kazakh (riding / working ат)"
        }
      ]
    },
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      "url": "https://atau.kz/docs/3003.pdf",
      "title": "Berdibek, Kazakh toponymic lexicon: жылқы as an equine livestock species",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kaz",
          "name": "Kazakh"
        },
        {
          "id": "kaz-at",
          "name": "Kazakh (riding / working ат)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L136",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%82#Tatar",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ат (Tatar)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "tat",
          "name": "Tatar"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L137",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%82#Bashkir",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ат (Bashkir)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "bak",
          "name": "Bashkir"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L138",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/at#Crimean_Tatar",
      "title": "Wiktionary: at (Crimean Tatar)",
      "rootUses": [],
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        {
          "id": "crh",
          "name": "Crimean Tatar"
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      "id": "L139",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%82#Kyrgyz",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ат (Kyrgyz)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kir",
          "name": "Kyrgyz"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L140",
      "url": "https://centrederechercheberbere.fr/aures.html",
      "title": "Centre de Recherche Berbère, Aures: comparison of Chaoui yis and Kabyle aɛudiw",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "kab",
          "name": "Kabyle"
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      "id": "L141",
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      "title": "Amawal, Kabyle dictionary: aɛawdiw / aɛudiw",
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        {
          "id": "kab",
          "name": "Kabyle"
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      "title": "Wiktionary: at (Turkmen)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "tuk",
          "name": "Turkmen"
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    {
      "id": "L143",
      "url": "https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%82#%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9",
      "title": "Wiktionary (Russian), ат: Karachay-Balkar horse noun",
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          "id": "krc",
          "name": "Karachay-Balkar"
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          "id": "krc",
          "name": "Karachay-Balkar"
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      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%82#Kumyk",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ат (Kumyk)",
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      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kum",
          "name": "Kumyk"
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      "id": "L146",
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      "title": "Wiktionary: اسپ (Baluchi)",
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      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "bal",
          "name": "Balochi"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L147",
      "url": "https://lori-shomali.blogfa.com/post/36",
      "title": "Northern Luri/Feyli speaker word comparison: اسپ = horse",
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      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "lrc",
          "name": "Northern Luri"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L148",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BF%F0%90%8E%B1#Old_Persian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: 𐎠𐎿𐎱 (Old Persian)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "luz",
          "name": "Southern Luri"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L149",
      "url": "https://vajehyab.com/bakhtiari/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8",
      "title": "Vajehyab, Bakhtiari dictionary: اسب /asb/",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "bqi",
          "name": "Bakhtiari"
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    {
      "id": "L150",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%BE#Central_Kurdish",
      "title": "Wiktionary: ئەسپ (Central Kurdish)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ckb",
          "name": "Central Kurdish"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L151",
      "url": "https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0464.31.pdf",
      "title": "Werner Arnold (2025), Animals in the Western Neo-Aramaic Proverbs of Maʿlūla, appendix: horse (sūsča)",
      "rootUses": [],
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          "id": "amw",
          "name": "Western Neo-Aramaic (Maaloula)"
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      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%AC%CC%A4%DC%90",
      "title": "Wiktionary: Western Neo-Aramaic ܒܪܬ̤ܐ (berča), parallel use of ܬ̤ for č",
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      "url": "https://scriptureearth.org/data/amw/PDF/amwMaLuliNT-web.pdf#page=1282",
      "title": "Ma’luli New Testament (2018), Syriac and Arabic scripts; Revelation 6:2, printed p. 1274 (PDF p. 1282)",
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      "title": "Wiktionary: ܣܘܣܐ (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic)",
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          "id": "aii",
          "name": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"
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      "title": "Barsky, Kalinin & Loesov (2018), The Basic Lexicon of Mlaḥsô: A Comparative Study, p.228, Turoyo susyo",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "tru",
          "name": "Turoyo / Surayt"
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      "id": "L157",
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      "title": "Sfar Mele, Turoyo learning vocabulary: Horse (Pferd), Susyo",
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          "id": "tru",
          "name": "Turoyo / Surayt"
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      "url": "https://qadaha.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nhura-dictionary-mandaic-english-mandaic.pdf#page=92",
      "title": "Qais Al-Saadi (2012), Nhura dictionary, printed p.91: Horse [susia]",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "myz",
          "name": "Mandaic (Mandaean liturgical reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L159",
      "url": "https://glosbe.com/en/mid/horse",
      "title": "Glosbe, Mandaic Professional entry: ࡎࡅࡎࡉࡀ",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "myz",
          "name": "Mandaic (Mandaean liturgical reference)"
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    {
      "id": "L160",
      "url": "https://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/tools/liddell-scott/search.html?lq=%E1%BC%B5%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82",
      "title": "Centre for the Greek Language: Liddell–Scott, Ancient Greek ἵππος",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "ell-hippos",
          "name": "Greek (learned ίππος)"
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    },
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      "id": "L161",
      "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C#Russian",
      "title": "Wiktionary: конь, inherited Slavic horse word",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rus-kon",
          "name": "Russian (конь)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L162",
      "url": "https://www.ispmn.gov.ro/maps2022",
      "title": "ISPMN / Romanian INS: 2021 census mother-tongue map by administrative unit",
      "rootUses": [],
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        {
          "id": "hun-ro",
          "name": "Hungarian (Romania, Székely area)"
        },
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
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      ]
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      "id": "L163",
      "url": "https://anvt.org/vl/nieuws/55-nieuws-van-de-anvt?start=50",
      "title": "ANVT–ILRF: French Flemish peerd in local usage (Quaëdypre)",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "vls-fr",
          "name": "French Flemish (minority reference)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L164",
      "url": "https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/langue-francaise-et-langues-de-france/agir-pour-les-langues/promouvoir-les-langues-de-france/langues-regionales",
      "title": "French Ministry of Culture: regional languages, including West Flemish",
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        {
          "id": "vls-fr",
          "name": "French Flemish (minority reference)"
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      "id": "L165",
      "url": "https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/download/41689/31976/112601",
      "title": "Shabani and Taghipour (2023), Nominal linkers in Gilaki, pp. 2 and 5: Eshkevarat asb",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "glk",
          "name": "Gilaki"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L166",
      "url": "https://baru.wiki/mohammadreza.pourjafari/neshane-ha-ye-masdari/",
      "title": "Mohammadreza Pourjafari, original Gilaki linguistic discussion: اَسب",
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        {
          "id": "glk",
          "name": "Gilaki"
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      "id": "L167",
      "url": "https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/download/41688/31980/112605",
      "title": "Taghipour and Nabati (2023), Nominal linkers in Taleshi, p. 9 example 29c: Pareh Sar asb",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "tly",
          "name": "Talyshi (Iranian word reference)"
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      "id": "L168",
      "url": "https://neshele.blogfa.com/post/20",
      "title": "Ali-Asghar Rostamnezhad Nashali, original Mazandarani proverbs using اسب",
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      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "mzn",
          "name": "Mazandarani"
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      "id": "L169",
      "url": "https://wold.clld.org/word/7212059950182598",
      "title": "Kossmann, WOLD Tarifiyt: akiđā, horse, coexisting Moroccan Arabic loan",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rif",
          "name": "Tarifiyt / Rif (inherited word)"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L170",
      "url": "https://fr.scribd.com/document/369483266/Dictionnaire-Brugnatelli-Djerba-Berbere",
      "title": "Brugnatelli (2010), Guellala Djerba Berber dictionary manuscript, p. 28: leḥṣan",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "jrb",
          "name": "Djerba Berber (Guellala reference)"
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    },
    {
      "id": "L171",
      "url": "https://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A26086/pdf#page=10",
      "title": "Sumi (2017), The influence of the Romanian language on the Romani idiom of Turda, p. 94: grast, horse",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "L172",
      "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/db/dialects.html",
      "title": "Manchester Romani Project, RMS dialect sample inventory: documented community reference locations",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
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      "id": "L173",
      "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/downloads/2/Matras_Parakal.pdf#page=14",
      "title": "Matras (2004), The Romani dialect of Parakalamos, p. 72: grast, horse",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "rom-ro",
          "name": "Romani (grast reference; dispersed communities)"
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      "id": "L174",
      "url": "https://www.kratylos.org/~raphael/romani/interactive/sampler/d901.html",
      "title": "Manchester Romani Project, Sinti dialect sampler: Hameln, Germany, Holzinger 1993",
      "rootUses": [],
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        {
          "id": "rmo-de",
          "name": "Sinti Romani (Hameln, Germany)"
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      "title": "Elšík and Matras, Modals in Romani, p. 20 example 28: Hameln Sinti grajes, horse.ACC, citing Holzinger 1993:325",
      "rootUses": [],
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      "id": "L176",
      "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/groome_1891_persian_and_syrian_gypsies.pdf",
      "title": "Groome (1891), Persian and Syrian Gypsies, p. 25: historical Damascus horse phrases collected in 1881",
      "rootUses": [],
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        {
          "id": "rmt-sy",
          "name": "Domari (Aleppo word; Damascus community reference)"
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      "id": "L177",
      "url": "https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/children-of-iraqs-kawliya-go-to-school-after-14-year-hiatus/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMTg6bmV3c21sX1ZBOEJUSjRVVA",
      "title": "Reuters (2018), Children of Iraq’s Kawliya go to school after 14-year hiatus: Al-Zuhoor village, Diwaniya",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "kawliya-iq",
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      "url": "https://domari.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/newbold_1856_the_gypsies_of_egypt.pdf",
      "title": "Newbold (1856), The Gypsies of Egypt, pp. 303–304: historical Duman informant from Altun Kupri, asp, horse",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
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          "id": "kawliya-iq",
          "name": "Kawliya (Iraq)"
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      "id": "L179",
      "url": "https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2017/en/107422",
      "title": "Minority Rights Group (2017), Iraqi Kawliyah communities, including Al-Qadissiya and Baghdad/Basra/Mosul surroundings",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kawliya-iq",
          "name": "Kawliya (Iraq)"
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      "id": "L180",
      "url": "https://www.meri-k.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/MERI-Policy-Paper-vol.6-no.2-1.pdf",
      "title": "Edgcumbe (2024), MERI Policy Paper 6(2), pp. 5–6: heterogeneous Iraqi community identities",
      "rootUses": [],
      "languageUses": [
        {
          "id": "kawliya-iq",
          "name": "Kawliya (Iraq)"
        }
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  ],
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      "category": "typography",
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    {
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  ],
  "provenanceNotes": [
    "Colours follow displayed etymological routes. The PIE horse noun has separate Scottish Gaelic, Iranian and Greek routes. Caballus has separate Romance, Celtic and Albanian routes. In Greece, Russia and Kazakhstan, diagonal stripes show coexisting words with different origins in the same language area; the stripe proportions are decorative, not usage statistics. Small colour bars beneath those word labels identify their respective roots.",
    "Wiktionary is a community-edited secondary reference. Entries are linked individually, with institutional and primary lexical sources for key unusual varieties. Research records and the source catalog retain the distinction between checked forms and unresolved deeper histories.",
    "An asterisk marks a reconstructed form. The legend uses “loan ?” for a possible borrowing. Other uncertainties, including disputed deeper origins and early borrowing directions, are explained in the entry notes rather than abbreviated in the legend. The origin of caballus/*kaballos and the deeper origin of English horse are disputed. Finnic *hëpo is not automatically merged with PIE *h₁éḱwos. Early Iranian relationships proposed for Caucasian horse words remain proposals. No indigenous Canarian horse word was verified; that label and its historical island-reference fill are omitted, leaving the modern Spanish reference layer. The former snow gloss tener? is not reused.",
    "Most language-area geography is reused from the snow atlas. The Hungarian footprint inside Romania is replaced by an explicitly selected 2021 mother-tongue census supplement, Algeria has a country-specific vernacular lexical join, French Flanders uses the French reference background with a Flemish minority point, and existing Mansi, Khanty and Caspian Iranian aggregates have documented lexical joins. North African Arabic and Berber word histories are reviewed separately. Community corrections and their sources were checked on 2026-10-19."
  ],
  "auditNotes": [],
  "publicationDate": "2026-10-19"
}