{
  "width": 4000,
  "height": 5000,
  "title": [
    "The cities of the",
    "Mesopotamian gods"
  ],
  "subtitle": "Cult centres and patron deities across ancient traditions.",
  "readingNote": "The few located birth and conception traditions are marked separately.",
  "projection": {
    "type": "mercator",
    "lon0": 45.2,
    "lat0": 32.2,
    "x0": 1420,
    "y0": 2240,
    "scale": 36000
  },
  "labels": [
    {
      "cityId": "sippar",
      "x": 190,
      "y": 1280,
      "names": [
        "Utu / Shamash · Aya"
      ],
      "note": "Utu: shrine birth inferred; Aya: cult.",
      "mark": "inferred",
      "deityIds": [
        "utu",
        "aya"
      ],
      "refs": [
        2,
        6
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          966,
          1430
        ],
        "control": [
          960,
          1540
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "babylon",
      "x": 185,
      "y": 1840,
      "names": [
        "Marduk · Sarpanitum"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "marduk",
        "sarpanitum"
      ],
      "refs": [
        8
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1010,
          1930
        ],
        "control": [
          1080,
          2005
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "borsippa",
      "x": 185,
      "y": 2180,
      "names": [
        "Nabu · Tashmetu"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "nabu",
        "tashmetu"
      ],
      "refs": [
        2,
        8
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          848,
          2250
        ],
        "control": [
          920,
          2170
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "dilbat",
      "x": 370,
      "y": 2410,
      "names": [
        "Urash · Ninegal"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "urashdilbat",
        "ninegaldilbat"
      ],
      "refs": [
        8
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          900,
          2380
        ],
        "control": [
          1110,
          2260
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "marad",
      "x": 185,
      "y": 2730,
      "names": [
        "Lugal-Marda"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "lugalmarda"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          688,
          2790
        ],
        "control": [
          1110,
          2640
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "isin",
      "x": 1290,
      "y": 2690,
      "names": [
        "Ninisina · Damu"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "ninisina",
        "damu"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1260,
          2750
        ],
        "control": [
          1050,
          2450
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "uruk",
      "x": 990,
      "y": 3250,
      "names": [
        "An · Inanna / Ishtar",
        "Nanaya · Ninsun"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "an",
        "inanna",
        "nanaya",
        "ninsun"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        2,
        9
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1690,
          3330
        ],
        "control": [
          1760,
          3140
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "larsa",
      "x": 840,
      "y": 3590,
      "names": [
        "Utu / Shamash"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "utu"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1410,
          3660
        ],
        "control": [
          1950,
          3460
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "badtibira",
      "x": 2120,
      "y": 3410,
      "names": [
        "Dumuzi"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "dumuzi"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2090,
          3480
        ],
        "control": [
          2170,
          3030
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "ur",
      "x": 2220,
      "y": 4090,
      "names": [
        "Nanna / Sin · Ningal",
        "Ninazu"
      ],
      "note": "Ninazu: birth; others: cult.",
      "mark": "birth",
      "deityIds": [
        "nanna",
        "ningal",
        "ninazu"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        2,
        5
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2190,
          4220
        ],
        "control": [
          1910,
          3760
        ]
      },
      "emphasis": {
        "Ninazu": "birth"
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "eridu",
      "x": 900,
      "y": 3910,
      "names": [
        "Enki / Ea · Damgalnuna",
        "Nanshe"
      ],
      "note": "Nanshe: birth; others: cult.",
      "mark": "birth",
      "deityIds": [
        "enki",
        "damgalnuna",
        "nanshe"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        4,
        8
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1730,
          4010
        ],
        "control": [
          1770,
          3670
        ]
      },
      "emphasis": {
        "Nanshe": "birth"
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "eshnunna",
      "x": 1480,
      "y": 1050,
      "names": [
        "Ninazu → Tishpak"
      ],
      "note": "Successive leading cults",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "ninazu",
        "tishpak"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1450,
          1160
        ],
        "control": [
          1270,
          1250
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "der",
      "x": 2570,
      "y": 1340,
      "names": [
        "Ishtaran"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "ishtaran"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2540,
          1420
        ],
        "control": [
          2150,
          1450
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "kutha",
      "x": 1450,
      "y": 1710,
      "names": [
        "Nergal"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "nergal"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1420,
          1800
        ],
        "control": [
          1240,
          1810
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "kish",
      "x": 1510,
      "y": 2020,
      "names": [
        "Zababa"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "zababa"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1480,
          2100
        ],
        "control": [
          1300,
          1980
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "nippur",
      "x": 2040,
      "y": 2190,
      "names": [
        "Enlil · Ninlil · Nuska",
        "Ninurta · Nanna"
      ],
      "note": "Nanna: conception; others: cult.",
      "mark": "conception",
      "deityIds": [
        "enlil",
        "ninlil",
        "nuska",
        "ninurta",
        "nanna"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2010,
          2350
        ],
        "control": [
          1720,
          2360
        ]
      },
      "emphasis": {
        "Nanna": "conception"
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "adab",
      "x": 2590,
      "y": 2530,
      "names": [
        "Ninhursaga · Ashgi"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "ninhursaga",
        "ashgi"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2560,
          2610
        ],
        "control": [
          2030,
          2600
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "zabalam",
      "x": 2670,
      "y": 2810,
      "names": [
        "Inanna / Ishtar"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "inanna"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2640,
          2880
        ],
        "control": [
          2330,
          2610
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "umma",
      "x": 1320,
      "y": 2510,
      "names": [
        "Shara"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "shara"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          1580,
          2570
        ],
        "control": [
          1720,
          2570
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "girsu",
      "x": 2910,
      "y": 2970,
      "names": [
        "Ningirsu · Bau",
        "Shulshagana · Igalim"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "ningirsu",
        "bau",
        "shulshagana",
        "igalim"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        7
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2880,
          3050
        ],
        "control": [
          2370,
          2800
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "lagash",
      "x": 2760,
      "y": 3580,
      "names": [
        "Gatumdug · Hendursanga",
        "Shul-utula"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "gatumdug",
        "hendursanga",
        "shulutula"
      ],
      "refs": [
        7
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          2730,
          3640
        ],
        "control": [
          2380,
          3370
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "cityId": "nigin",
      "x": 3140,
      "y": 3380,
      "names": [
        "Nanshe · Nindara"
      ],
      "note": "",
      "mark": "cult",
      "deityIds": [
        "nanshe",
        "nindara"
      ],
      "refs": [
        1,
        2,
        4
      ],
      "leader": {
        "end": [
          3110,
          3450
        ],
        "control": [
          2640,
          3250
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "short": "The Temple Hymns, ETCSL 4.80.1. City-specific passages in the catalogue.",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
      "posterShort": "Temple Hymns, ETCSL 4.80.1"
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "short": "ORACC, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses; articles and scholarship cited per deity.",
      "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html",
      "posterShort": "ORACC, AMGG deity articles"
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "short": "Enlil and Ninlil 1–53, ETCSL 1.2.1 (Nanna’s conception).",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
      "posterShort": "Enlil and Ninlil 1–53"
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "short": "Hymn to Nanshe 1–9, 251–255, ETCSL 4.14.1 (Eridu birth).",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4141.htm",
      "posterShort": "Hymn to Nanshe 1–9, 251–255"
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "short": "Ninazu A 16–22, ETCSL 4.17.1 (Ur birth; Enegi seat).",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4171.htm",
      "posterShort": "Ninazu A 16–22"
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "short": "Utu B 7–12, ETCSL 4.32.2; Temple Hymns 479–493 (shrine localisation inferred).",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4322.htm",
      "posterShort": "Utu B 7–12; Temple Hymns 479–493"
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "short": "Gudea Cylinders, ETCSL 2.1.7; ETCSRI; Ragavan, CDLJ 2010:1 §3.1.1 (Lagash).",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
      "posterShort": "Gudea Cylinders; Ragavan, CDLJ 2010:1"
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "short": "ORACC RIBo / SAA royal inscriptions; Enuma Elish I 71–84; Samsu-iluna B 33–39.",
      "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
      "posterShort": "Enuma Elish I 71–84; royal inscriptions"
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "short": "Nanaya for Ishbi-Erra 1–16, ETCSL 2.5.1.3; RINAP Ashurbanipal 238, obv. 4′–10′.",
      "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr2513.htm",
      "posterShort": "Nanaya hymn; Ashurbanipal 238"
    }
  ],
  "schemaVersion": 2,
  "mapFrame": [
    110,
    970,
    3890,
    4410
  ],
  "geographicLabels": [
    {
      "x": 1160,
      "y": 1570,
      "text": "Tigris",
      "size": 54
    },
    {
      "x": 730,
      "y": 2595,
      "text": "Euphrates",
      "size": 54
    },
    {
      "x": 3060,
      "y": 3900,
      "text": "Persian Gulf",
      "size": 70
    },
    {
      "x": 240,
      "y": 3830,
      "text": "Arabian Desert",
      "size": 47
    },
    {
      "x": 3150,
      "y": 1150,
      "text": "Zagros Mountains",
      "size": 47
    },
    {
      "x": 1920,
      "y": 2780,
      "text": "Delta marshes",
      "size": 43
    },
    {
      "text": "Dashed: suggested ancient shore",
      "x": 2980,
      "y": 4000,
      "size": 34
    },
    {
      "text": "5000–4000 years ago · Forti et al.",
      "x": 2980,
      "y": 4050,
      "size": 34
    }
  ],
  "historicalGeography": {
    "layer": "palaeogulf.geojson",
    "manifest": "palaeogulf-manifest.json",
    "description": "Suggested Gulf, 5000–4000 years ago; Forti et al. (2022), Fig. 14. Modern-terrain +4 m calculation remains separate."
  }
}