{
  "title": "The cities of the Mesopotamian gods",
  "scope": "Lower Mesopotamia: Sumerian-language, Akkadian-language and Babylonian traditions. A selected evidence catalogue, not an exhaustive ancient god list.",
  "compiled": "2026-10-18",
  "method": "Birth, creation, conception, childhood, genealogy and cult association are separate claims. Null origin coordinates are deliberate. Documentary attestation is not the date of a deity’s first invention. A city may have many gods and a god many cities.",
  "deities": [
    {
      "id": "enki",
      "name": "Enki",
      "aliases": [
        "Ea",
        "Nudimmud"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Fresh water; wisdom"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "eridu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Anu begets Ea/Nudimmud; this Babylonian genealogy differs from Namma's motherhood in Enki and Ninmah.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 16–20",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Namma addresses Enki as her son; he is asleep in the deep engur. The passage gives cosmic kinship and residence, not an Eridu birth.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninmah (ETCSL 1.1.2)",
          "passage": "12–23",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr112.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "eridu",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "1–24",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "eridu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "enlil",
      "name": "Enlil",
      "aliases": [
        "Ellil",
        "Nunamnir"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Divine kingship"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "25–38",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninlil",
      "name": "Ninlil",
      "aliases": [
        "Sud"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Sud becomes Ninlil in Enlil and Sud; do not assume this name relationship erases local traditions. ETCSL 1.2.2: https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr122.htm Sud is renamed Ninlil within this specific literary narrative; wider identifications need period and local context.",
      "domains": [
        "Divine queen",
        "Consort of Enlil, divine queenship and grain traditions"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nippur",
        "eresh"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Sud grows up in Nisaba's household before marrying Enlil and becoming Ninlil.",
          "work": "Enlil and Sud (ETCSL 1.2.2)",
          "passage": "Version A 1–43; 146–170",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr122.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "childhood-city",
          "cityId": "eresh"
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "39–47",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "eresh",
          "work": "Enlil and Sud (ETCSL 1.2.2)",
          "passage": "Version A 9–43",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr122.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Sud's pre-marital home is Nisaba's Eresh."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "Enlil and Sud (ETCSL 1.2.2)",
          "passage": "Version A 146–170",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr122.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Marriage brings her into Enlil's Ekur."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth.",
        "Eresh is the narrative childhood setting, not an explicit named birth site. This poem's marriage story differs from the sexual encounters in Enlil and Ninlil."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "eresh",
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nuska",
      "name": "Nuska",
      "aliases": [
        "Nusku"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Enlil's minister; light"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "48–60",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninurta",
      "name": "Ninurta",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html). Historically associated and syncretized with Ningirsu, but the two retain distinct local cult histories and are not collapsed into one roster entry.",
      "domains": [
        "Warrior; agriculture",
        "Agriculture, war and heroic kingship"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Claims a mountain birth, without naming a particular mountain or range.",
          "work": "Ninurta C (ETCSL 4.27.03)",
          "passage": "49–57",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr42703.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "unlocated-mountains",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "The prologue names Enlil as father, Nintud as mother, and emergence from the mountain range; later the poem addresses Ninlil as mother.",
          "work": "Ninurta's Return to Nippur (ETCSL 1.6.1)",
          "passage": "1–6; 108–118",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr161.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "unlocated-mountains",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "He declares his birth in the mountains; no range is named.",
          "work": "A hymn to Ninurta (Ninurta C; ETCSL 4.27.03)",
          "passage": "49–57",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr42703.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "broad-regional-setting",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Nintur bears him; he emerges from the mountain range.",
          "work": "Ninurta's return to Nippur (ETCSL 1.6.1)",
          "passage": "1–6",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr161.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "broad-regional-setting",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "61–76",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Mountain language can also evoke a divine cosmic mountain; it does not justify a precise Zagros birthplace."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "shuzianna",
      "name": "Shuzianna",
      "aliases": [
        "Šu-zi-ana"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Enlil's junior wife"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "gimah"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "gimah",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "77–86",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "gimah"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninhursaga",
      "name": "Ninhursaga",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninhursag",
        "Ninhursanga",
        "Ninmah",
        "Nintur",
        "Nintud"
      ],
      "nameNote": "The Temple Hymns uses Ninhursaga, Nintud and Aruru within one temple stanza (87–100). These are a historically variable mother-goddess complex, not a universal rule equating every bearer of each title. ORACC AMGG: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/mothergoddess/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Birth; creation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kesh",
        "adab"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Nintud-Aruru, associated with the house of Kesh, is described as mountain-born. Kesh is not explicitly her birth location.",
          "work": "Nintud A (ETCSL 4.26.1)",
          "passage": "1–12",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4261.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "unlocated-mountains",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kesh",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "87–100",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "adab",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "363–378",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "adab",
        "kesh"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nanna",
      "name": "Nanna",
      "aliases": [
        "Suen",
        "Sin",
        "Ašimbabbar",
        "Dilimbabbar",
        "Sîn",
        "Ashimbabbar"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html). Sumerian Nanna and Akkadian Suen/Sin are treated here as conventional names of the same moon god; epithets are not separate entries.",
      "domains": [
        "Moon",
        "Moon and calendrical order"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "ur",
        "gaesh",
        "urum",
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Conceived by Enlil and Ninlil in the Nippur river setting. The episode narrates conception, not the delivery of the infant.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "1–12, 35–53",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "city-conception",
          "cityId": "nippur"
        },
        {
          "summary": "Enlil and Ninlil conceive the moon god near Nippur's canal.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "1–53",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "conception-city",
          "cityId": "nippur"
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "101–118",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "gaesh",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "158–168",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "urum",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "468–478",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "A tigi to Nanna (Nanna I; ETCSL 4.13.09)",
          "passage": "1–15",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr41309.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Ur is his chosen city."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The myth narrates insemination, not an explicitly located delivery. Ur is his chief cult city; it must not replace Nippur in this conception tradition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "gaesh",
        "ur",
        "urum"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "asalluhi",
      "name": "Asalluhi",
      "aliases": [
        "Asarluhi",
        "Asar-alim-nuna"
      ],
      "nameNote": "A distinct Kuara deity in the Sumerian hymn, later identified with Marduk. Preserve his local identity and avoid presenting Asalluhi as a second independently born Marduk. ORACC AMGG: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Asalluhi/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Incantations"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kuara"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kuara",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "135–146",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kuara"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningublaga",
      "name": "Ningublaga",
      "aliases": [
        "Ningubalag"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Nanna's son"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kiabrig"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kiabrig",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "147–157",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kiabrig"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "utu",
      "name": "Utu",
      "aliases": [
        "Shamash",
        "Šamaš"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Sun; justice"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "larsa",
        "sippar"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Named as Ningal's son, without a birth location.",
          "work": "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.8.1.4)",
          "passage": "238–242",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Born to Ningal in E-nun-ana. Sippar is an inferred localisation: Temple Hymns 479–493 places E-nun-ana at Sippar, while Utu B itself does not name the city.",
          "work": "Utu B (ETCSL 4.32.2), cross-read with Temple Hymns (4.80.1)",
          "passage": "Utu B 7–12; Temple Hymns 479–493",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4322.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "city-birth-inference",
          "cityId": "sippar"
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "larsa",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "169–178",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "sippar",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "479–493",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "larsa",
        "sippar"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninazu",
      "name": "Ninazu",
      "aliases": [
        "Nin-azu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Underworld; incantation",
        "Underworld, snakes, agriculture and martial power"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "enegi",
        "eshnunna",
        "ur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Conceived by Enlil and Ninlil in the episode at the Id-kura, explicitly the underworld river.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "91–116",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "The hymn explicitly names Ur as his birthplace, then assigns his seat to Enegi. Its fatherhood language includes both Nanna and Enlil.",
          "work": "Ninazu A (ETCSL 4.17.1)",
          "passage": "7–22",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4171.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "city-birth",
          "cityId": "ur"
        },
        {
          "summary": "The Enegi hymn names Ereshkigal as his mother; the Eshnunna hymn instead invokes Enlil and Ninlil.",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "179–186; 425–447",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Explicitly born at Ur, then installed at Enegi.",
          "work": "A balbale to Ninazu (Ninazu A; ETCSL 4.17.1)",
          "passage": "16–22",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4171.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-city",
          "cityId": "ur"
        },
        {
          "summary": "The same hymn invokes both Nanna and Enlil as progenitors.",
          "work": "A balbale to Ninazu (Ninazu A; ETCSL 4.17.1)",
          "passage": "7–22",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4171.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Enlil begets him beside the river of the underworld.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "91–116",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "conception-cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Ereshkigal is his mother at Enegi; Enlil and Ninlil are parents in the Eshnunna hymn.",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "179–186; 425–447",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "enegi",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "179–186",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "eshnunna",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "425–447",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "enegi",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "179–186",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian temple hymn collection",
          "summary": "Egidda is his sanctuary."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "eshnunna",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "425–447",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian temple hymn collection",
          "summary": "Esikil is his sanctuary."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "Kathryn Stevens, Ninazu, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses",
          "passage": "Cult places; Time periods attested",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ninazu/",
          "period": "Early Dynastic through first millennium BCE",
          "summary": "Cult and mortuary festival attested at Ur."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The conflicting genealogies belong to the evidence. Older scholarship proposed separate northern and southern Ninazu figures; Wiggermann instead argued for one god with local traditions. Do not resolve the issue by counting two gods."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "enegi",
        "eshnunna",
        "ur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningishzida",
      "name": "Ningishzida",
      "aliases": [
        "Ningišzida"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Underworld; serpents"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "gishbanda"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ningirida gives birth to him; he is reared in the abzu. Upbringing is not a claim to an earthly birthplace.",
          "work": "Ningishzida A (ETCSL 4.19.1)",
          "passage": "1–10, 25–36",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4191.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic-infancy",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "gishbanda",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "187–197",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "gishbanda"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "inanna",
      "name": "Inanna",
      "aliases": [
        "Inana",
        "Ishtar",
        "Ištar"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Love; warfare; Venus"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk",
        "zabalam",
        "ulmash"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "The hymn names Ningal's womb as her origin but supplies no earthly birthplace.",
          "work": "Inanna E (ETCSL 4.07.5)",
          "passage": "1–8",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4075.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "A variant describes Inanna as born in shining mountains, without identifying any particular range.",
          "work": "Ninshubur A (ETCSL 4.25.1)",
          "passage": "Segment B 1–8",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4251.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "unlocated-mountains",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "198–209",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "zabalam",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "315–327",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "ulmash",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "507–519",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Genealogies vary: daughter of An, of Nanna and Ningal, or of Enki. Local Ishtars can be distinct divine persons; this overview does not multiply every local epithet. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/InanaIshtar/"
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "ulmash",
        "uruk",
        "zabalam"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "dumuzi",
      "name": "Dumuzi",
      "aliases": [
        "Dumuzid",
        "Tammuz"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Shepherd; Inanna's lover"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "badtibira"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "badtibira",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "210–220",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "badtibira"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninshubur",
      "name": "Ninshubur",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninšubur"
      ],
      "nameNote": "The Temple Hymns presents Inanna's minister as female. Later identification with male Papsukkal is context-dependent; Papsukkal is not simply an additional spelling in all periods. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Papsukkal/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Inanna's minister"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "akkil"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "akkil",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "221–229",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "akkil"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningirim",
      "name": "Ningirim",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Lustration; incantation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "murum"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "murum",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "230–239",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "murum"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningirsu",
      "name": "Ningirsu",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninĝirsu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Ningirsu is the Girsu/Lagash warrior god; he was closely identified with Ninurta, but the two local cult identities are retained with this explicit cross-reference. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Pabilsag/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Warrior; agriculture"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "240–262",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "bau",
      "name": "Bau",
      "aliases": [
        "Baba"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Healing; divine mother"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "irikug"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "irikug",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "263–271",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "irikug"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "nanshe",
      "name": "Nanshe",
      "aliases": [
        "Nanše",
        "Nance"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Justice; water",
        "Justice, dream interpretation, water and abundance"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "sirara",
        "nigin",
        "eridu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "The hymn describes a birth at the sea's edge. Sirara is her temple setting, not an explicit birthplace.",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "272–282",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "broad-coastal-setting",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "A hymn explicitly locates her birth at Eridu.",
          "work": "A hymn to Nanshe (ETCSL 4.14.1)",
          "passage": "1–9; 251–255",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4141.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-city",
          "cityId": "eridu"
        },
        {
          "summary": "Another hymn describes birth on the seashore.",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "272–282",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "broad-regional-setting",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "sirara",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "272–282",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "nigin",
          "work": "A hymn to Nanshe (ETCSL 4.14.1)",
          "passage": "1–9",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4141.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "The poem names Nigin as her sacred city."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "nigin",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "272–282",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian collection; Ur III and Old Babylonian witnesses",
          "summary": "Her Sirara sanctuary is praised."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Sirara is the sanctuary associated with Nigin, not a secure second city pin. Birth at Eridu must be distinguished from residence at Nigin. Do not automatically identify her with Nazi among the eight healing births."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nigin",
        "sirara"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninmarki",
      "name": "Ninmarki",
      "aliases": [
        "Nin-MAR.KI"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Local goddess"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "guabba"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "guabba",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "283–293",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "guabba"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "dumuziabzu",
      "name": "Dumuzi-abzu",
      "aliases": [
        "Dumuzid-abzu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "A goddess in this primary temple hymn. Despite the shared Dumuzi element, retain separately from the shepherd Dumuzi.",
      "domains": [
        "Local goddess"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kinirsha"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kinirsha",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "294–302",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kinirsha"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "shara",
      "name": "Shara",
      "aliases": [
        "Šara"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Warrior; Inanna's son"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "umma"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "umma",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "303–314",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "umma"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ishkur",
      "name": "Ishkur",
      "aliases": [
        "Iškur",
        "Adad"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Storm; rain"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "karkara"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "karkara",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "328–351",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "karkara"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ashgi",
      "name": "Ashgi",
      "aliases": [
        "Ašgi"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Adab's divine prince"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "adab"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "adab",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "363–378",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "adab"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninisina",
      "name": "Ninisina",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninisinna",
        "Nininsina"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Ninisina and Ninisinna are spelling variants. Originally local Isin healing goddess, later strongly syncretised with Gula, Ninkarrak, Nintinugga and Bau; this is historical convergence, not evidence that all began as aliases. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninisinna/index.html Syncretized with Gula, Baba and other healing goddesses in some traditions; their distinct cult histories remain visible.",
      "domains": [
        "Healing",
        "Healing, surgery, incantations and midwifery"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "isin"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "An and Urash engender her in an unnamed holy chamber.",
          "work": "A shir-gida to Ninisina (Ninisina A; ETCSL 4.22.1)",
          "passage": "83–89",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4221.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "conception-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "379–395",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "A shir-gida to Ninisina (Ninisina A; ETCSL 4.22.1)",
          "passage": "74–104",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4221.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Her temple and home are at Isin."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth.",
        "The next stanza describes her house at Isin but does not explicitly locate the preceding conception there."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "isin"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "numushda",
      "name": "Numushda",
      "aliases": [
        "Numušda"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Local lord; nature; warfare"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kazallu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kazallu",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "396–406",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The ancient locality named in the evidence requires independent geographic identification before any point marker is used.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kazallu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "lugalmarda",
      "name": "Lugal-Marda",
      "aliases": [
        "Lugal-Marada"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Marad's divine lord"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "marad"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "marad",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "407–415",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "marad"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ishtaran",
      "name": "Ishtaran",
      "aliases": [
        "Ištaran"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Justice"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "der"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "der",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "416–424",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "der"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "zababa",
      "name": "Zababa",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Warfare"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kish"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kish",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "448–456",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kish"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "nergal",
      "name": "Nergal",
      "aliases": [
        "Meslamtaea",
        "Meslamta-ea",
        "Nergal-Meslamta-eda"
      ],
      "nameNote": "The Temple Hymns and Enlil and Ninlil use Nergal-Meslamtaea together. Meslamtaea in the later divine-twin pair has a distinct context. Nergal and Erra were closely syncretised from the Old Babylonian period; do not count Erra automatically as an extra independent origin. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Nergal/index.html The compound Nergal-Meslamtaea is the name in this passage; Meslamtaea also occurs independently in other contexts.",
      "domains": [
        "Death; underworld",
        "Death, underworld, plague and war"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kutha"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Nergal-Meslamtaea is conceived by Enlil and Ninlil during the route of exile, in the city-gate episode.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "65–90",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "mythic-route",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Enlil begets Nergal-Meslamtaea at the city-gate threshold after leaving Nippur.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "54–90",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "conception-at-mythic-threshold",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kutha",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "457–467",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The literary threshold is not an archaeological birthplace. Do not identify the entire Meslamtaea/Lugalirra twin tradition with Nergal without qualification."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kutha"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "aba",
      "name": "Aba",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Spellings and standard correspondences follow ETCSL and the ORACC AMGG index (https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/index.html).",
      "domains": [
        "Agade's divine lord"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "agade"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "agade",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "520–528",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Agade has not been securely located. Do not assign its cult to an invented point.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "agade"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "nisaba",
      "name": "Nisaba",
      "aliases": [
        "Nidaba",
        "Nissaba",
        "Nanibgal",
        "Nunbarshegunu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Nisaba/Nidaba are alternative modern readings. Nanibgal can be an epithet or a distinct goddess in god lists; it is not counted as an extra figure here. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nidaba/ Nisaba/Nidaba are alternative readings of the divine name. Nanibgal and Nunbarshegunu are names/epithets in the cited sources, not extra gods.",
      "domains": [
        "Grain; writing",
        "Writing, accounting, grain and learned wisdom"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "eresh"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born of Urash; another passage describes birth in or by mountains.",
          "work": "A hymn to Nisaba (Nisaba A; ETCSL 4.16.1)",
          "passage": "Old Babylonian version 1–13; 51–55; earlier version 1–9",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4161.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "eresh",
          "work": "The Temple Hymns (ETCSL 4.80.1)",
          "passage": "529–545",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "summary": "Temple seat; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "eresh",
          "work": "Enlil and Sud (ETCSL 1.2.2)",
          "passage": "Version A 27–43",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr122.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Eresh is explicitly called Nisaba's city."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Eresh remains unlocated; proposed Abu Salabikh and Jarin identifications are not accepted here as fixed coordinates.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth.",
        "No ancient text consulted here makes Eresh her birthplace."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "eresh"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "an",
      "name": "An",
      "aliases": [
        "Anu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Sumerian An and Akkadian Anu are standard correspondences; https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/An/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Heaven"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "The next generation after Anshar and Kishar; cosmic genealogy supplies no city birthplace.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 12–16",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: An/Anu (K. Stevens)",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/An/index.html",
          "period": "Multiple periods, especially late Uruk",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "apsu",
      "name": "Apsu",
      "aliases": [
        "Apsû",
        "Abzu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "The personified primeval Apsu and the cosmic abzu domain are related uses, not a modern river or fixed Gulf coordinate.",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial fresh waters"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Already present as primordial waters before heaven, earth and the younger gods; no birth or terrestrial point is supplied.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 1–9",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "tiamat",
      "name": "Tiamat",
      "aliases": [
        "Tiāmat"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Not a simple alias for Sumerian Namma; later cosmogony reuses the primordial-water role. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Tiamat/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial sea"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Already present as primordial waters before heaven, earth and the younger gods; no birth or terrestrial point is supplied.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 1–9",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No cult dedicated directly to Tiamat is known in the AMGG account; Babylonian recitation of Enuma Elish is not a temple-of-Tiamat marker."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "lahmu",
      "name": "Lahmu",
      "aliases": [
        "Laḫmu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Distinguish the primordial god of Enuma Elish from protective lahmu figures as a class.",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial generation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "First named divine generation emerging within Apsu and Tiamat's mingled waters.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 9–11",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "lahamu",
      "name": "Lahamu",
      "aliases": [
        "Laḫamu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Paired with Lahmu in Enuma Elish.",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial generation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "First named divine generation emerging within Apsu and Tiamat's mingled waters.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 9–11",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "anshar",
      "name": "Anshar",
      "aliases": [
        "Anšar"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Not automatically the same figure as Assur; later Assyrian adaptations exploit the written name. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/anarandkiar/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial generation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Created after Lahmu and Lahamu in the primordial sequence; no earthly site.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 11–15",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "kishar",
      "name": "Kishar",
      "aliases": [
        "Kišar"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Paired with Anshar in Enuma Elish.",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial generation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Created after Lahmu and Lahamu in the primordial sequence; no earthly site.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 11–15",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "marduk",
      "name": "Marduk",
      "aliases": [
        "Bēl"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Bel means Lord and is not uniquely Marduk in every context. Asalluhi is historically syncretised with Marduk. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Babylonian kingship; creation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ea and Damkina produce Marduk inside the cosmic Apsu. Babylon is his cult centre, not this text's birthplace.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 79–88",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; extensive first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "babylon",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Marduk (N. Brisch)",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/index.html",
          "period": "Second and first millennia BCE",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "namma",
      "name": "Namma",
      "aliases": [
        "Nammu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Namma and Nammu are alternative readings. Tiamat's comparable cosmogonic role is not proof of identity. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/namma/",
      "domains": [
        "Primordial mother"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Primordial mother of the senior gods and mother of Enki; no account of her own birth is given.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninmah (ETCSL 1.1.2)",
          "passage": "12–23",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr112.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "primordial",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "enbilulu",
      "name": "Enbilulu",
      "aliases": [
        "Enbililu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "A divine son in Enlil and Ninlil; later included among Marduk's names in Enuma Elish VII. Those contexts should not be flattened.",
      "domains": [
        "Irrigation",
        "Canal oversight and irrigation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Conceived by Enlil and Ninlil in the mythic ferryman episode after Nippur exile.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "117–142",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "mythic-route",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Enlil begets him in the guise of the ferryman.",
          "work": "Enlil and Ninlil (ETCSL 1.2.1)",
          "passage": "117–142",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr121.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "conception-cosmic",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "The ferryman episode belongs to a mythical passage toward the underworld. No geographic birth pin is assigned."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ereshkigal",
      "name": "Ereshkigal",
      "aliases": [
        "Ereškigal"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Separate from Nergal; their joint underworld rule is a later development. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/erekigal/",
      "domains": [
        "Underworld"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "kutha",
        "umma"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "The netherworld is allotted to her at the primordial division. This is an accession/allotment story, not a birth account.",
          "work": "Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.8.1.4)",
          "passage": "1–26",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; principally Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "cosmic-allotment",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "kutha",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ereshkigal (Y. Heffron), citing George 1993",
          "passage": "Cult Places; George temple nos. 288, 1311–1312",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/erekigal/",
          "period": "First-millennium temple rebuilding attested",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "umma",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ereshkigal (Y. Heffron), citing George 1993",
          "passage": "Cult Places; George temple nos. 288, 1311–1312",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/erekigal/",
          "period": "Cult attestation; no single founding date asserted",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "kutha",
        "umma"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningal",
      "name": "Ningal",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Distinct from Ninlil. Nanna's spouse and mother of Inanna/Utu in a common tradition. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nannasuen/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Nanna's divine spouse",
        "Moon god's consort and protector of Ur"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "ur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ningikuga is named her mother; a marsh courtship supplies no named birth site.",
          "work": "A balbale to Nanna (Nanna B; ETCSL 4.13.02)",
          "passage": "32–59",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr41302.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "Penn Museum, Human Statuette B16229",
          "passage": "Findspot and catalogue description",
          "url": "https://collections.penn.museum/collections/object/53090",
          "period": "Old Babylonian Ur; archaeological find",
          "summary": "Statuette excavated in Ningal's temple at Ur."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Ur affiliation through the Nanna household is secure generally; an independently verified temple passage has not been supplied in this record, so no coordinate is asserted here.",
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth.",
        "Marsh imagery is a literary setting, not precise birth coordinates."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "ur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "damu",
      "name": "Damu",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Connections and occasional identifications with Dumuzi do not make the healing god simply an extra alias in all evidence. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/damu/",
      "domains": [
        "Healing",
        "Healing and medical knowledge"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "isin",
        "ur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Named the son of Ninisina; no birthplace specified.",
          "work": "A shir-gida to Ninisina (Ninisina A; ETCSL 4.22.1)",
          "passage": "1–35",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4221.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Damu (Y. Heffron)",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/damu/",
          "period": "Ur III and Old Babylonian",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Damu (Y. Heffron)",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/damu/",
          "period": "Ur III and Old Babylonian",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "A shir-gida to Ninisina (Ninisina A; ETCSL 4.22.1)",
          "passage": "1–35; 74–104",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4221.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Son and medical associate in Ninisina's Isin temple tradition."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth.",
        "The poem calls him king of Girsi, which is not automatically Girsu. Do not create a Girsu pin from that spelling alone."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "isin",
        "ur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nabu",
      "name": "Nabu",
      "aliases": [
        "Nabû",
        "Nabium"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Muati was syncretised with Nabu; it is not counted as a separate birth here. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nabu/",
      "domains": [
        "Writing; wisdom"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "borsippa",
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Accepted as Marduk and Sarpanitum's firstborn from the Kassite period; genealogy supplies no terrestrial birth.",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Nabu (J. Tudeau; citing Pomponio)",
          "passage": "Divine Genealogy and Syncretisms",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nabu/",
          "period": "Kassite and later traditions",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "borsippa",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Nabu (J. Tudeau)",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Ezida",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nabu/",
          "period": "Second and first millennia BCE",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "babylon",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Nabu (J. Tudeau)",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Samsu-ditana year 17",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nabu/",
          "period": "Old Babylonian and later",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "babylon",
        "borsippa"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "aya",
      "name": "Aya",
      "aliases": [
        "Šerida",
        "Sherida",
        "Ayya"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Sumerian Šerida and Akkadian Aya are standard correspondences. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Aya/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Light; Shamash's spouse"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "larsa",
        "sippar"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "larsa",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Sherida/Aya (R. Horry)",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Ebabbar temples",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Aya/index.html",
          "period": "Early Dynastic through first-millennium traditions",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "sippar",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Sherida/Aya (R. Horry)",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Ebabbar temples",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Aya/index.html",
          "period": "Early Dynastic through first-millennium traditions",
          "summary": "Cult attestation; not birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth or creation locality established in the cited evidence; cult evidence must not be read as birth."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "larsa",
        "sippar"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "sarpanitum",
      "name": "Sarpanitum",
      "aliases": [
        "Ṣarpanitum",
        "Zarpanitu",
        "Zarpanītu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Sarpanitum and Zarpanitu are spelling/transcription variants. Erua is an associated title/name in some sources; no additional Erua figure is counted. ORACC AMGG Nabu: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/nabu/",
      "domains": [
        "Marduk's consort; Babylonian divine queen"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "babylon",
          "work": "Nebuchadnezzar II 019 (ORACC RIBo Q005490)",
          "passage": "i 16–33",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/Q005490",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian, reign of Nebuchadnezzar II",
          "summary": "Royal offerings to her in Babylon and decoration of her Kahilisu chamber in Esagil."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "tashmetu",
      "name": "Tashmetu",
      "aliases": [
        "Tašmetu",
        "Tašmētu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Distinct from Nanaya despite overlapping functions and alternative consort traditions. ORACC AMGG: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/tametu/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Hearing prayers; Nabu's consort"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "borsippa"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "borsippa",
          "work": "S. W. Cole and P. Machinist, State Archives of Assyria XIII, introduction",
          "passage": "Discussion of royal statues; citing SAA 10 358",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/knpp/downloads/cole_machinist_saa13intro.pdf",
          "period": "Neo-Assyrian correspondence, seventh century BCE",
          "summary": "Explicitly locates Tashmetu's cult image at Borsippa; royal statues flank it."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence.",
        "The evidence is a scholarly localisation of SAA 10 358, not an inference solely from her relationship to Nabu."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "borsippa"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "urashdilbat",
      "name": "Urash of Dilbat",
      "aliases": [
        "Uraš of Dilbat"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Male city god, distinct from the goddess Urash who can be An's consort or mother of other gods. Ninurta equation is noted in ORACC AEB: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/aebp/peoplegodsplaces/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Dilbat's divine lord"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "dilbat"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "dilbat",
          "work": "Ashur-etel-ilani 04 (ORACC RINAP Q003859)",
          "passage": "1–4",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003859",
          "period": "Neo-Assyrian, ca. 630–627 BCE",
          "summary": "Restoration of E-ibbi-Anum in Dilbat, the abode of Urash and Ninegal."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "dilbat",
          "work": "Babylonian Temple List, K 4407 (ORACC P395533)",
          "passage": "obv. i 9",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/P395533",
          "period": "First-millennium scholarly temple list",
          "summary": "E-ibbi-Anum is explicitly the temple of Urash at Dilbat."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "dilbat"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninegaldilbat",
      "name": "Ninegal of Dilbat",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninegal",
        "Ninegala"
      ],
      "nameNote": "The name 'Lady of the Palace' can function as a goddess name or a title of other goddesses. This record is the Ninegal explicitly worshipped with Urash in Dilbat, not a universal equation with Inanna's Ninegala title.",
      "domains": [
        "Palace goddess; Dilbat's divine lady"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "dilbat"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "dilbat",
          "work": "Ashur-etel-ilani 04 (ORACC RINAP Q003859)",
          "passage": "2–4",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003859",
          "period": "Neo-Assyrian, ca. 630–627 BCE",
          "summary": "E-ibbi-Anum in Dilbat is named as the abode of the god Urash and goddess Ninegal."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "dilbat"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "anunitum",
      "name": "Anunitum",
      "aliases": [
        "Annunitum",
        "Anunītu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Developed from Ishtar's martial epithet into a distinct local divine cult identity; not simply counted as a second spelling of Inanna. Scholarship: M. Nissinen, Ancient Prophecy (2017), discussion citing S. L. Allen 2015 pp. 192–197: https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/19/66/78/30/2019667830/2019667830.pdf",
      "domains": [
        "Warfare"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "sipparamnanum"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "sipparamnanum",
          "work": "Nabonidus 28 (ORACC RIBo Q005425)",
          "passage": "iii 22–38",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/Q005425",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian, reign of Nabonidus",
          "summary": "Rebuilding Eulmash, her temple in Sippar-Anunitu."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "sipparamnanum",
          "work": "Nabonidus inscription (ORACC RIBo Q005400)",
          "passage": "iv 14′–34′",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/Q005400",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian",
          "summary": "Her statue is restored by Neriglissar and installed at Sippar-Amnanu."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence.",
        "Sippar-Amnanum/Sippar-Anunitu is Tell ed-Der, distinct from Sippar of Shamash at Abu Habbah. The two must not share one invented point."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "sipparamnanum"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "gula",
      "name": "Gula",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Closely syncretised with Ninisina, Ninkarrak, Bau and other healers, but local named cult identities are preserved in separate records. Do not treat this as a claim of universal separateness or universal identity. ORACC AMGG: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/GulaNinkarrak/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Healing"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "isin",
        "umma",
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "Nebuchadnezzar II 099 (ORACC RIBo Q005570)",
          "passage": "4–6",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/Q005570",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian",
          "summary": "Rebuilding Egalmah, the temple of Gula at Isin."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "umma",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Gula/Ninkarrak (Y. Heffron), citing Frankena 1957–1971",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/GulaNinkarrak/index.html",
          "period": "Multiple periods; exact Umma foundation date not asserted",
          "summary": "Umma is explicitly included among her cult centres."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Gula/Ninkarrak (Y. Heffron), citing Gibson 1990",
          "passage": "Cult Places",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/GulaNinkarrak/index.html",
          "period": "Isin-Larsa through later rebuilding; major Kassite construction",
          "summary": "Nippur temple attestation is explicit."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "isin",
        "nippur",
        "umma"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninkarrak",
      "name": "Ninkarrak",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Keep the Ninkarrak named at Sippar's Eulla distinct as a documented local cult identity, with explicit mutual syncretism to Gula and Ninisina. Modern AMGG groups Gula/Ninkarrak; the name relationship is context-dependent. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/GulaNinkarrak/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Healing"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "sippar",
        "babylon"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "sippar",
          "work": "Nebuchadnezzar II inscription (ORACC RIBo Q005580; C38)",
          "passage": "ii 1–27",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/Q005580",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian",
          "summary": "Rebuilding Eulla, explicitly Ninkarrak's temple inside Sippar."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "babylon",
          "work": "Nebuchadnezzar II 031 (ORACC RIBo Q005502)",
          "passage": "iii 5–14",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/Q005502",
          "period": "Neo-Babylonian",
          "summary": "Ehursagsikila is explicitly Ninkarrak's temple inside Babylon."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "babylon",
        "sippar"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "shala",
      "name": "Shala",
      "aliases": [
        "Šala"
      ],
      "nameNote": "God lists identify her with Medimsha, traditional consort of Ishkur, and later with Shalash, Dagan's spouse. The associations do not imply identical origins in every tradition. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ala/",
      "domains": [
        "Grain fertility; Adad's consort"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "karkara"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "karkara",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Shala (K. Stevens), citing Schwemer 2006–2008",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Edurku",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ala/",
          "period": "Second millennium and later",
          "summary": "The article ascribes sanctuary Edurku at Karkara to her."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence.",
        "AMGG's prose introduces this sanctuary with 'In Assyria'; geographic identification of Karkara should be independently checked instead of propagating that regional wording."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "karkara"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninsun",
      "name": "Ninsumun",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninsun",
        "Ninsumuna"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Ninsun is the traditional reading, Ninsumun the more accurate modern reading. Connections with Bau, Gatumdug and Gula do not make them automatically aliases. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninsumun/index.html",
      "domains": [
        "Mother of Gilgamesh; divine mother"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk",
        "ur",
        "nippur",
        "umma"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ninsumun (N. Brisch), citing Richter 2004",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Richter pp. 321–323",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninsumun/index.html",
          "period": "Ur III through Old Babylonian",
          "summary": "Ninsumun and Lugalbanda receive offerings at Uruk; this directly supports cult association."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "ur",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ninsumun (N. Brisch), citing George 1993",
          "passage": "Cult Places; George no. 717",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninsumun/index.html",
          "period": "Ur III",
          "summary": "Ur-Namma built her Emah temple at Ur."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ninsumun (N. Brisch), citing Sallaberger 1993",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Sallaberger p. 56",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninsumun/index.html",
          "period": "Ur III",
          "summary": "Offerings to Ninsumun and Lugalbanda during lunar festivals are explicit."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "umma",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ninsumun (N. Brisch), citing Wilcke 1998–2001",
          "passage": "Cult Places; Wilcke pp. 503–504",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/Listofdeities/Ninsumun/index.html",
          "period": "Multiple periods",
          "summary": "Umma is explicitly named among southern cult places."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence.",
        "The scholarly proposal that her cult originated at Kuara is not a mythical birth claim and has not been converted into a birthplace."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nippur",
        "umma",
        "ur",
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "tishpak",
      "name": "Tishpak",
      "aliases": [
        "Tišpak"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Partially identified with Ninazu at Eshnunna before replacing him; AMGG expressly says not fully syncretised. Retain their different local and historical roles. https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ninazu/",
      "domains": [
        "Eshnunna's city god"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "eshnunna"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "eshnunna",
          "work": "ORACC AMGG: Ninazu (K. Stevens)",
          "passage": "Divine Genealogy and Syncretisms",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/ninazu/",
          "period": "Old Akkadian and later developments",
          "summary": "Tishpak replaced Ninazu as Eshnunna's city god."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "eshnunna"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "damgalnuna",
      "name": "Damgalnuna",
      "aliases": [
        "Damkina"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Damgalnuna is the Sumerian name and Damkina the Akkadian form in Marduk's family tradition; not an extra independently counted mother. Enuma Elish I 78–84.",
      "domains": [
        "Enki/Ea's consort; Marduk's mother"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "eridu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Mother of Marduk with Ea in the cosmic Apsu; this episode gives no account of her own birth.",
          "work": "Enuma Elish (W. G. Lambert translation)",
          "passage": "I 78–88",
          "url": "https://etana.org/node/581/index.html",
          "period": "Babylonian Akkadian epic; late-second-millennium composition conjectured; first-millennium transmission",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "eridu",
          "work": "A Prayer for Samsu-iluna (Samsu-iluna B; ETCSL 2.8.3.2)",
          "passage": "33–39",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr2832.htm",
          "period": "Old Babylonian; Samsu-iluna of Babylon",
          "summary": "Explicitly called the great lady of Eridu, interceding in the bedchamber."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "eridu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nungal",
      "name": "Nungal",
      "aliases": [
        "Manungal"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Nungal and Manungal are equated as Birtu's spouse in An = Anum. ORACC god-list edition: https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/dcclt/nineveh/P365757.162 , rev. i 4′–7′.",
      "domains": [
        "Prison; ordeal; judgement"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Self-praise names An as father and Ereshkigal as mother; she sets her dais in the netherworld. No earthly birth locality is specified.",
          "work": "Nungal A (ETCSL 4.28.1)",
          "passage": "62–74",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4281.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript transmission",
          "locationType": "genealogical",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No explicit birth locality established by the cited cult evidence.",
        "A Nippur setting has been proposed for the Ekur-prison of the hymn, but the automatic equation with Enlil's Ekur is explicitly disputed by M. Civil 1993 p. 75. No map city is assigned on that basis. See scholarly discussion in CDLJ 2014:1: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?doi=89e75051d2646330a8ea7ffbacd723a11e0b55a0&repid=rep1&type=pdf"
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningikuga",
      "name": "Ningikuga",
      "aliases": [
        "Ningikug"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Mother of Ningal in Nanna's courtship poem"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Nanna's courtship poem names her as Ningal's mother.",
          "work": "A balbale to Nanna (Nanna B; ETCSL 4.13.02)",
          "passage": "38–59",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr41302.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "This passage gives parentage, not Ningikuga's own origin or a cult-city location."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "gatumdug",
      "name": "Gatumdug",
      "aliases": [
        "Ĝatumdug",
        "Gatamdug"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Civic mother and protective goddess"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "lagash",
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "lagash",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (Gudea Cylinders; ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "45–67",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "summary": "Invoked as mother and founder of Lagash."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "Gudea 011 (RIME 3/1.01.07.011; ETCSRI Q000893)",
          "passage": "1–9",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q000893",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Gudea builds her temple at Irikug."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Lagash can denote city or state. The Irikug sanctuary belongs to the Girsu sacred landscape; the civic title does not prove birth at Lagash."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu",
        "lagash"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "hendursanga",
      "name": "Hendursanga",
      "aliases": [
        "Ḫendursaĝa",
        "Hendursag"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Herald, night watch and safe passage"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "lagash"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Nanshe's hymn calls him a child of Utu; no birthplace follows.",
          "work": "A hymn to Nanshe (ETCSL 4.14.1)",
          "passage": "83–91",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4141.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "lagash",
          "work": "Eannatum 1b (ETCSRI Q001057)",
          "passage": "i 2ff.",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001057",
          "period": "Early Dynastic IIIb",
          "summary": "Protector invoked by Eannatum, ruler of Lagash."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "lagash",
          "work": "Gudea Statue B (ETCSRI Q001541)",
          "passage": "vii 60ff.",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q001541",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Included in the Lagash state's divine witnesses."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The selected civic association is regional, not an assertion of an exclusive city temple. Identification with Ishum develops historically and is not used to count a second deity here."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "lagash"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nindara",
      "name": "Nindara",
      "aliases": [
        "Nindar"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Local kingship and the household of Nanshe"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nigin",
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nigin",
          "work": "A hymn to Hendursanga (Hendursanga A; ETCSL 4.06.1)",
          "passage": "Segment A 15–30",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4061.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Called king of Nigin and linked to Nanshe."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "Gudea 031 (RIME 3/1.01.07.031; ETCSRI Q000904)",
          "passage": "1–9",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q000904",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Gudea's building inscription names his Girsu temple."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No named birthplace recovered in the consulted sources."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu",
        "nigin"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "shulutula",
      "name": "Shul-utula",
      "aliases": [
        "Šul-utul",
        "Šulutula"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Personal and dynastic protective deity"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "lagash"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "lagash",
          "work": "Enmetena foundation nail, Harvard 2000.274; Deena Ragavan, CDLJ 2010:1",
          "passage": "§3.1.1, ii 1–2",
          "url": "https://cdli.earth/articles/cdlj/2010-1",
          "period": "Early Dynastic IIIb, c. 2400 BCE",
          "summary": "Named personal god of Enmetena of Lagash."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Personal patronage supports association with the Lagash dynasty, not a birth story or an exclusive patronage of the city."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "lagash"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "nanaya",
      "name": "Nanaya",
      "aliases": [
        "Nanāya"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Nanaya is not automatically an alias of Inana/Ishtar. Identifications differ by text and period.",
      "domains": [
        "Love, beauty, wisdom and judgement"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk",
        "isin"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "A tigi to Nanaya for Ishbi-Erra (ETCSL 2.5.1.3)",
          "passage": "1–16",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr2513.htm",
          "period": "Early Isin composition; Old Babylonian witnesses",
          "summary": "Eanna and Uruk are her divine seat."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "isin",
          "work": "Lipit-Eshtar building inscription (ETCSRI Q004103)",
          "passage": "i 1ff.",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q004103",
          "period": "Lipit-Eshtar, nineteenth century BCE",
          "summary": "King builds her E-me-urur storehouse in Isin."
        },
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "Ashurbanipal, Uruk/Nanaya inscription (RINAP 5; Q007562)",
          "passage": "obverse 4′–10′",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q007562",
          "period": "Seventh century BCE",
          "summary": "Her cult image is returned to Uruk's Ehiliana."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The return from Elam is a history of a cult image, not a goddess's birth. The hymn addresses Nanaya and Inana separately; association does not require identity."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "isin",
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "usur-amassa",
      "name": "Usur-amassa",
      "aliases": [
        "Uṣur-amāssa",
        "Uṣur-amāssu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Goddess in the Uruk divine entourage"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "Ashurbanipal 234–236, RINAP 5/2",
          "passage": "234 reverse i 5′–9′; editorial introduction to 235",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/downloads/0RINAP5_2_final.pdf",
          "period": "Seventh century BCE",
          "summary": "Named with Nanaya and Urkayitu in the return tradition."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No birth tradition recovered; association is with the Uruk cult ensemble, with restorations and contextual attribution noted in the edition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "urkayitu",
      "name": "Urkayitu",
      "aliases": [
        "Urkayītu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Uruk goddess / local divine manifestation"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "uruk",
          "work": "Ashurbanipal 234–236, RINAP 5/2",
          "passage": "234 reverse i 5′–9′; introduction to 235",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/downloads/0RINAP5_2_final.pdf",
          "period": "Seventh century BCE",
          "summary": "Named separately beside Nanaya and Usur-amassa."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Distinct cultic naming does not settle theological identity; do not multiply every local Ishtar manifestation into a separate god. No birthplace is assigned."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "uruk"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    },
    {
      "id": "shulshagana",
      "name": "Shulshagana",
      "aliases": [
        "Šulšagana",
        "Šul-šagana",
        "Shulshaga"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Ningirsu's household and ritual service"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "A building dedication calls him Ningirsu's beloved child.",
          "work": "Gudea 073 (RIME 3/1.01.07.073; ETCSRI Q000925)",
          "passage": "1–9",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q000925",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "Gudea 073 (RIME 3/1.01.07.073; ETCSRI Q000925)",
          "passage": "1–9",
          "url": "https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/etcsri/Q000925",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Gudea builds his E-kitušakkile."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Temple location is cult evidence, not a birth place."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "igalim",
      "name": "Igalim",
      "aliases": [
        "Igalima",
        "Ig-alima"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Ningirsu's household and bailiff"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Named Ningirsu's beloved son in the divine household.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "944–956",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "944–956",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Installed as chief bailiff of Girsu in Ningirsu's household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Not a geographically located delivery."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "zazaru",
      "name": "Zazaru",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ishkur-pa-ed",
      "name": "Ishkur-pa-ed",
      "aliases": [
        "Iškur-pa-ed"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ur-agrunta-ea",
      "name": "Ur-agrunta-ea",
      "aliases": [
        "Urnunta-ea"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "hegirnunna",
      "name": "Hegirnunna",
      "aliases": [
        "Ḫegir",
        "Hegirnuna"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "heshaga",
      "name": "Heshaga",
      "aliases": [
        "Ḫešaga"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "zurgu",
      "name": "Zurgu",
      "aliases": [
        "Zurĝu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "zargu",
      "name": "Zargu",
      "aliases": [
        "Zarĝu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Member of Bau's sevenfold divine household"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "One of Bau's septuplets, offspring of Ningirsu.",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, late third millennium BCE",
          "locationType": "genealogy-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "girsu",
          "work": "The building of Ningirsu's temple (ETCSL 2.1.7)",
          "passage": "1058–1069",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr217.htm",
          "period": "Gudea, Lagash II",
          "summary": "Listed as a member of Ningirsu's E-ninnu household."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Group membership is explicit; the text does not separately locate their births. Readings of minor divine names vary across editions."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "girsu"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninsar",
      "name": "Ninsar",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninšar",
        "Ninnisig"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Divine generational / creation narrative"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ninhursanga bears Ninsar to Enki.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "69–87",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "The story opens in Dilmun (1–62), but the birth episodes do not name their locality. Dina Katz, Enki and Ninhursaga, Part One: The Story of Dilmun, Bibliotheca Orientalis 64 (2007), 567–592, especially 571–572, argues for a second story in the southern Sumerian marshes. This is a scholarly inference, not a securely identified birthplace. Accessible scholarship: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dina-Katz-2/publication/315216135_Enki_and_Ninhursaga_Part_One/links/6384b80d554def61937e73a4/Enki-and-Ninhursaga-Part-One.pdf . Alternative continuous readings have placed the whole sequence in Dilmun; retain the disagreement."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninkura",
      "name": "Ninkura",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninkurra"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Divine generational / creation narrative"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ninsar bears Ninkura to Enki.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "97–107",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "uttu",
      "name": "Uttu",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Divine generational / creation narrative"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Ninkura bears Uttu; a manuscript inserts Ninimma as mother.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "117–126; variant 126A–126CC",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninimma",
      "name": "Ninimma",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Divine writing, ritual knowledge and birth"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "A variant makes Ninimma Ninkura's daughter and Uttu's mother.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "126A–126CC",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "nippur",
          "work": "A song to Ninimma (Ninimma A; ETCSL 4.21.1)",
          "passage": "Segment A 1–18; B 1–11",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4211.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Divine scribe and ritual lady in Enlil's Ekur."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "nippur"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "abu",
      "name": "Abu",
      "aliases": [
        "Ab-u"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful head.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "254–263",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninsikila-healing",
      "name": "Ninsikila (healing birth)",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Do not automatically equate the remedial-birth Ninsikila, assigned lordship of Magan in 272–280, with the Dilmun goddess Meskilak/Ninsikila in the opening story.",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful hair.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "254–263",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ningiriutud",
      "name": "Ningiriutud",
      "aliases": [
        "Ningiriudu"
      ],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful nose.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "254–263",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninkasi",
      "name": "Ninkasi",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "Brewing and beer"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful mouth.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "254–263",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        },
        {
          "summary": "Born of flowing water; Enki is father, Ninti mother.",
          "work": "A hymn to Ninkasi (ETCSL 4.23.1)",
          "passage": "1–12",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4231.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition. Her hymn's parentage and watery birth formulation differ from the remedial-birth episode."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "nazi",
      "name": "Nazi",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "Nazi is the ETCSL name in this episode. An equation with Nanshe is not assumed; do not silently merge the two.",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful throat.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "264–271",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "azimua",
      "name": "Azimua",
      "aliases": [
        "Ninazimua",
        "Azidimua"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Spellings vary; this entry does not automatically merge Azimua/Ninazimua with Geshtinanna.",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful arm.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "264–271",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ninti",
      "name": "Ninti",
      "aliases": [],
      "nameNote": "",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful ribs.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "264–271",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "ensag",
      "name": "Ensag",
      "aliases": [
        "Enzag",
        "Inzak"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Ensag/Enzag is conventionally connected with the Dilmun god Inzak; assignment to Dilmun does not itself locate the birth there.",
      "domains": [
        "One of eight remedial births"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "dilmun"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [
        {
          "summary": "Born from Enki's painful sides.",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "264–271",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "locationType": "birth-unlocated",
          "cityId": null
        }
      ],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "dilmun",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "272–280",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "Assigned lordship over Dilmun, after birth."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "No precise birth coordinates assigned. See Ninsar's entry for the geographic caution concerning this composition."
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "dilmun"
      ],
      "originStatus": "documented tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "meskilak",
      "name": "Meskilak",
      "aliases": [
        "Meskilag",
        "Ninsikila (Dilmun)"
      ],
      "nameNote": "Dina Katz distinguishes the Dilmun Ninsikila/Meskilak from Ninhursanga and from the otherwise problematic names in the closing birth episode. Do not flatten the homonyms.",
      "domains": [
        "Goddess of Dilmun"
      ],
      "cityIds": [
        "dilmun"
      ],
      "originTraditions": [],
      "cityEvidence": [
        {
          "cityId": "dilmun",
          "work": "Enki and Ninhursanga (ETCSL 1.1.1)",
          "passage": "1–62",
          "url": "https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr111.htm",
          "period": "Sumerian literary tradition; Old Babylonian manuscript witnesses",
          "summary": "The opening Ninsikila petitions for water for Dilmun."
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        "A cultic/literary association with Dilmun is explicit; her own birthplace is not. For the distinction from Ninhursanga, see Dina Katz, Bibliotheca Orientalis 64 (2007), 569–572: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dina-Katz-2/publication/315216135_Enki_and_Ninhursaga_Part_One/links/6384b80d554def61937e73a4/Enki-and-Ninhursaga-Part-One.pdf"
      ],
      "cultCityIds": [
        "dilmun"
      ],
      "originStatus": "No origin established in the sources checked"
    }
  ]
}