{
  "roots": [
    {
      "id": "pie-snow",
      "label": "PIE · to snow",
      "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
      "color": "#4c8da5",
      "description": "English snow, Latin nix and the Baltic, Slavic and Goidelic words descend from formations of this reconstructed root. An asterisk marks an unattested reconstruction; spellings vary between reference works.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "to snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "pie-winter",
      "label": "PIE · snow / winter",
      "form": "*ǵʰéyōm",
      "color": "#a99acb",
      "description": "Greek and Armenian preserve a different Indo-European snow/winter word, distinct from *sneygʷʰ-.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: χιόνι (Greek)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9#Greek"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ձիւն (Old Armenian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6#Old_Armenian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow / winter"
    },
    {
      "id": "brythonic-ergh",
      "label": "Brythonic · snow",
      "form": "*ėrɣ",
      "color": "#8fae74",
      "description": "Welsh, Breton and Cornish share this Brythonic word. Its deeper origin is disputed; proposed connections to 'white' or 'scatter' are not treated as established.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ėrɣ",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Brythonic%2F%C4%97r%C9%A3"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "slavic-fall",
      "label": "Slavic · fall",
      "form": "западати",
      "color": "#c49b69",
      "description": "Romanian zăpadă is a back-formation from a verb borrowed from Old Church Slavonic 'to fall'; it is not a reflex of the PIE snow root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: zăpadă (Romanian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/z%C4%83pad%C4%83#Romanian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "to fall"
    },
    {
      "id": "albanian-fall",
      "label": "Albanian · falling",
      "form": "*diš-bērā / *diš-bārā",
      "color": "#b48085",
      "description": "Albanian borë comes from a prefixed derivative of the verb 'fall'. The exact Proto-Albanian reconstruction has variants.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: borë (Albanian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bor%C3%AB#Albanian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "falling"
    },
    {
      "id": "iranian-wafra",
      "label": "Iranian · snow",
      "form": "*wafrah",
      "color": "#c28d59",
      "description": "Persian barf and Northern Kurdish berf continue Iranian *wafrah, traced to Indo-Iranian *wapras. A deeper PIE connection is not asserted here.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: برف (Persian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81#Persian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: berf (Northern Kurdish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/berf#Northern_Kurdish"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "ossetian-mit",
      "label": "Ossetian · snow",
      "form": "мит",
      "color": "#a2a1a9",
      "description": "The word is attested; its deeper history is not established in this atlas. This color indicates a separate unresolved set, not a proposed proto-language.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: мит (Ossetian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82#Ossetian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "uralic-lome",
      "label": "Uralic · snow",
      "form": "*lome",
      "color": "#799d83",
      "description": "Finnic lumi and the Mari and Udmurt forms continue the Uralic *lome set.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "uralic-kume",
      "label": "Uralic · snow",
      "form": "*kume",
      "color": "#c6ad62",
      "description": "Hungarian hó belongs to the *kume set. It is a different Uralic snow word from Finnish lumi.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: hó (Hungarian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%B3#Hungarian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "sami-muotte",
      "label": "Sámi · snow",
      "form": "*muottëk",
      "color": "#7fb7b2",
      "description": "Northern Sámi muohta continues Proto-Sámi *muottëk. The atlas stops at this reconstruction and does not link it to Finnic lumi.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: muohta (Northern Sami)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muohta#Northern_Sami"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Sami/muottëk",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Sami%2Fmuott%C3%ABk"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "semitic-thalg",
      "label": "Semitic · snow",
      "form": "*ṯalg-",
      "color": "#c28b72",
      "description": "Arabic, Hebrew and Maltese show the Semitic snow set. Maltese silġ also means ice and hail.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "turkic-kar",
      "label": "Turkic · snow",
      "form": "*kār",
      "color": "#c0aa7c",
      "description": "Turkish kar, Kazakh қар and their relatives continue a Proto-Turkic snow word. No Indo-European relationship is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "kartvelian-tow",
      "label": "Kartvelian · snow",
      "form": "*tow-",
      "color": "#b07a9b",
      "description": "Georgian თოვლი continues a Kartvelian snow stem. The chain is independent of the Indo-European snow root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: თოვლი (Georgian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "basque-erur",
      "label": "Basque · snow",
      "form": "*eruR",
      "color": "#b0765d",
      "description": "Basque elur continues reconstructed Proto-Basque *eruR. R is a conventional reconstruction symbol. No Indo-European connection is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: elur (Basque)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elur#Basque"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Basque/eruR",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Basque%2FeruR"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "berber-adfel",
      "label": "Berber · snow",
      "form": "adfel / adfl",
      "color": "#d0a565",
      "description": "Related snow words occur in several Berber languages. These are modern forms; no exact Proto-Berber form is reconstructed here.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: adfl (Tashelhit)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adfl#Tashelhit"
        },
        {
          "title": "Dallet's Kabyle–French dictionary: adfel",
          "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-kabyle.com/adfel.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ⴰⴷⴼⵍ (Central Atlas Tamazight)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D#Central_Atlas_Tamazight"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "nakh-lawa",
      "label": "Nakh · snow",
      "form": "*lawa",
      "color": "#a39b80",
      "description": "Chechen ло continues a Nakh snow word. No relationship with the other displayed sets is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ло (Chechen)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D0%BE#Chechen"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "norse-kaf",
      "label": "Norse: snowdrift / submerge",
      "form": "kaf / kafa",
      "color": "#9b9680",
      "description": "Faroese kavi has a separate Norse history from the poetic snjógvur. Its precise derivation is uncertain; the cited lexical source connects it with kaf (snowdrift / submersion) or kafa (submerge). A deeper proto-root is not asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kavi (Faroese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kavi#Faroese"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snowdrift / submerge"
    },
    {
      "id": "samoyedic-sira",
      "label": "Samoyedic",
      "form": "*sïrå",
      "color": "#a6b7a1",
      "description": "Tundra Nenets сыра continues Proto-Samoyedic *sïrå. This noun is kept separate from the *lome set; sharing the Uralic family does not establish the same lexical root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: сыра (Tundra Nenets)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0#Tundra_Nenets"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "avar-ghazu",
      "label": "Avar",
      "form": "гӀазу",
      "color": "#9ba0be",
      "description": "The attested Avar snow word. No deeper reconstruction or relationship to the other Caucasian sets is asserted here.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Avar Dictionary, Universitat Pompeu Fabra: гӀазу",
          "url": "https://avarlab.upf.edu/entry/220064/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "dargwa-dyahi",
      "label": "Dargwa",
      "form": "дяхӏи",
      "color": "#b8a896",
      "description": "The Dargwa citation form in the comparative word list. Dargwa comprises many varieties; no deeper reconstruction is asserted here.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "lezgian-zhiv",
      "label": "Lezgian",
      "form": "жив",
      "color": "#b5b984",
      "description": "The attested Lezgian snow word. The comparative list and Russian lemma give жив; the English Wiktionary translation table also has жиз. This atlas uses жив and does not infer a deeper ancestor.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Russian Wiktionary: жив (Lezgian)",
          "url": "https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "lak-markhhala",
      "label": "Lak",
      "form": "марххала",
      "color": "#b59eab",
      "description": "The attested Lak word in the Russian–Lak dictionary. No deeper reconstruction is asserted here.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Russian–Lak dictionary, Dagestan State University: снег / марххала, p. 327",
          "url": "https://cathedra.dgu.ru/Content/files/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "circassian-wes",
      "label": "Circassian",
      "form": "уэс / осы",
      "color": "#9ab9b3",
      "description": "The East and West Circassian words are compared in their lexical entries. They form a local comparative set here; no exact Proto-Circassian form or wider Caucasian relationship is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: уэс (East Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%81#East_Circassian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: осы (West Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B#West_Circassian"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "mongolic-casun",
      "label": "Mongolic",
      "form": "*časun",
      "color": "#baa985",
      "description": "Kalmyk цасн continues Proto-Mongolic *časun, also reflected by Mongolian цас. No connection with Turkic *kār is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: цасн (Kalmyk)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD#Kalmyk"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow"
    },
    {
      "id": "greenlandic-aput",
      "label": "Greenlandic",
      "form": "aput",
      "color": "#98acb4",
      "description": "The attested Greenlandic snow word. Oqaasileriffik describes it as the general term for snow on the ground. This set does not assert a deeper reconstruction.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Greenlandic–English Dictionary (University of Chicago and Oqaasileriffik, 2018): aput",
          "url": "https://daka.gl/2018-kal-eng/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Oqaasileriffik, Language Secretariat of Greenland: terms for snow and ice",
          "url": "https://oqaasileriffik.gl/en/terms-for-snow-and-ice/"
        }
      ],
      "gloss": "snow on the ground"
    },
    {
      "id": "unknown-canarian",
      "label": "Canarian report",
      "form": "tener?",
      "gloss": "snow?",
      "color": "#bcb8a7",
      "family": "Unresolved lexical origin",
      "description": "A disputed historical report from La Palma. Espinosa (1594) glosses tener as snow; incompatible early reports and modern philological criticism prevent treating this as a secure Canarian word or a reconstructed Proto-Berber form. No relation to mainland adfel is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Alonso de Espinosa, Del origen y milagros de la Santa Imagen de Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (1594), book I chapter1, fol.9v",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/delorigenymilagr00espi"
        },
        {
          "title": "Carmen Díaz Alayón and Francisco Javier Castillo, Estudio de la lista de voces prehispánicas de Juan Bautista Lorenzo Rodríguez, Almogaren 44–45 (2013–2014), pp.7–56, especially p.35",
          "url": "https://www.almogaren.org/ic-digital/ICDigital_Almogaren_44-45_1_%282014%29.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Juan Álvarez Delgado, Miscelánea guanche (1941), printed pp.46–48",
          "url": "https://hdiecan.org/wp-content/uploads/tainacan-items/5/6717/ALVAREZ-1941-Miscelanea-guanche.pdf#page=50"
        },
        {
          "title": "Maximiano Trapero, Los Guanchismos, entry Tenerife / Tinefe / Tenerista (ULPGC)",
          "url": "https://guanchismos.ulpgc.es/item/14417"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "languages": [
    {
      "id": "eng",
      "name": "English",
      "native": "English",
      "word": "snow",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snāw",
          "label": "Old English"
        },
        {
          "form": "snow",
          "label": "Middle English"
        },
        {
          "form": "snow",
          "label": "English"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snow (English)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snow#English"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sco",
      "name": "Scots",
      "native": "Scots",
      "word": "snaw",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snāw",
          "label": "Old English"
        },
        {
          "form": "snaw",
          "label": "Middle English"
        },
        {
          "form": "snaw",
          "label": "Scots"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snaw (Scots)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snaw#Scots"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "deu",
      "name": "German",
      "native": "Deutsch",
      "word": "Schnee",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snēo",
          "label": "Old High German"
        },
        {
          "form": "snē",
          "label": "Middle High German"
        },
        {
          "form": "Schnee",
          "label": "German"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Schnee (German)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schnee#German"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nld",
      "name": "Dutch",
      "native": "Nederlands",
      "word": "sneeuw",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snēo",
          "label": "Old Dutch"
        },
        {
          "form": "snêe",
          "label": "Middle Dutch"
        },
        {
          "form": "sneeuw",
          "label": "Dutch"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneeuw (Dutch)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneeuw#Dutch"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fry",
      "name": "West Frisian",
      "native": "Frysk",
      "word": "snie",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snē",
          "label": "Old Frisian"
        },
        {
          "form": "snie",
          "label": "West Frisian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snie (West Frisian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snie#West_Frisian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ltz",
      "name": "Luxembourgish",
      "native": "Lëtzebuergesch",
      "word": "Schnéi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · West Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiw",
          "label": "Proto-West Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snēo",
          "label": "Old High German"
        },
        {
          "form": "snē",
          "label": "Middle High German"
        },
        {
          "form": "Schnéi",
          "label": "Luxembourgish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Schnéi (Luxembourgish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schn%C3%A9i#Luxembourgish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dan",
      "name": "Danish",
      "native": "Dansk",
      "word": "sne",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · North Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snjór / snær",
          "label": "Old Norse"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniō",
          "label": "Old Danish"
        },
        {
          "form": "sne",
          "label": "Danish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sne (Danish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sne#Danish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "swe",
      "name": "Swedish",
      "native": "Svenska",
      "word": "snö",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · North Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snjór / snær",
          "label": "Old Norse"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniōr",
          "label": "Old Swedish"
        },
        {
          "form": "snö",
          "label": "Swedish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snö (Swedish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sn%C3%B6#Swedish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nor",
      "name": "Norwegian",
      "native": "Norsk",
      "word": "snø",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · North Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snjór / snær",
          "label": "Old Norse"
        },
        {
          "form": "snø",
          "label": "Norwegian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The displayed form is shared by modern Bokmål and Nynorsk; the atlas does not divide these writing standards.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snø (Norwegian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sn%C3%B8#Norwegian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "isl",
      "name": "Icelandic",
      "native": "Íslenska",
      "word": "snjór",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · North Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snaiwaz",
          "label": "Proto-Germanic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snjór / snær",
          "label": "Old Norse"
        },
        {
          "form": "snjór",
          "label": "Icelandic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snjór (Icelandic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Icelandic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fao",
      "name": "Faroese",
      "native": "Føroyskt",
      "word": "kavi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Germanic · North Germanic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "norse-kaf",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "kaf / kafa",
          "label": "Old Norse: snowdrift / submerge"
        },
        {
          "form": "kavi",
          "label": "Faroese"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Kavi is the unmarked snow noun used here. The poetic / archaic alternative snjógvur belongs to the PIE snow set. Kavi has a separate Norse history: the consulted source connects it with kaf (snowdrift / submersion) or kafa (submerge). The exact derivation is uncertain, so no deeper proto-root is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kavi (Faroese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kavi#Faroese"
        },
        {
          "title": "Oyggjar English-Faroese lexicon: snow / kavi",
          "url": "https://www.oyggjar.com/faroese.php"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snjógvur (poetic / archaic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3gvur#Faroese"
        }
      ],
      "alternatives": [
        {
          "word": "snjógvur",
          "root": "pie-snow",
          "register": "poetic / archaic",
          "chain": [
            {
              "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
              "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
            },
            {
              "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
              "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
            },
            {
              "form": "*snaiwaz",
              "label": "Proto-Germanic"
            },
            {
              "form": "snjór / snær",
              "label": "Old Norse"
            },
            {
              "form": "snjógvur",
              "label": "Faroese"
            }
          ],
          "sources": [
            {
              "title": "Wiktionary: snjógvur (Faroese)",
              "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3gvur#Faroese"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "spa",
      "name": "Spanish",
      "native": "Español",
      "word": "nieve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "nieve",
          "label": "Old Spanish"
        },
        {
          "form": "nieve",
          "label": "Spanish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Real Academia Espanola: nieve",
          "url": "https://dle.rae.es/nieve"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nieve (Spanish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nieve#Spanish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "por",
      "name": "Portuguese",
      "native": "Português",
      "word": "neve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Old Galician-Portuguese"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Portuguese"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neve (Portuguese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neve#Portuguese"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "glg",
      "name": "Galician",
      "native": "Galego",
      "word": "neve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Old Galician-Portuguese"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Galician"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neve (Galician)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neve#Galician"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cat",
      "name": "Catalan",
      "native": "Català",
      "word": "neu",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "neu",
          "label": "Catalan"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "IEC: Diccionari catala-valencia-balear, neu",
          "url": "https://dcvb.iec.cat/results.asp?Id=99850&Word=neu&search=neu"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neu (Catalan)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neu#Catalan"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "oci",
      "name": "Occitan",
      "native": "Occitan",
      "word": "nèu",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "nèu",
          "label": "Occitan"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Regional variants include Aranese nhèu, Limousin neu and deverbal neja / nevia.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nèu (Occitan)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A8u#Occitan"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ita",
      "name": "Italian",
      "native": "Italiano",
      "word": "neve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Italian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neve (Italian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neve#Italian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "scn",
      "name": "Sicilian",
      "native": "Sicilianu",
      "word": "nivi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "nivi",
          "label": "Sicilian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nivi (Sicilian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nivi#Sicilian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "srd",
      "name": "Sardinian",
      "native": "Sardu",
      "word": "nibe",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "nibe",
          "label": "Sardinian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "A Nuorese form; other Sardinian forms include Logudorese nie and Campidanese ni / nia.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nibe (Sardinian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nibe#Sardinian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "vec",
      "name": "Venetian",
      "native": "Vèneto",
      "word": "neve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "neve",
          "label": "Venetian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neve (Venetian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neve#Venetan"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fur",
      "name": "Friulian",
      "native": "Furlan",
      "word": "nêf",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "nêf",
          "label": "Friulian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Other forms include nêv.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nêf (Friulian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%AAf#Friulian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "roh",
      "name": "Romansh",
      "native": "Rumantsch",
      "word": "naiv",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "naiv",
          "label": "Romansh"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Regional forms include nev and neif.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: naiv (Romansh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naiv#Romansh"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ast",
      "name": "Asturian",
      "native": "Asturianu",
      "word": "ñeve",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "ñeve",
          "label": "Asturian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Also nieve / neve; the displayed form does not represent every dialect.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ñeve (Asturian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B1eve#Asturian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "arg",
      "name": "Aragonese",
      "native": "Aragonés",
      "word": "nieu",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nĕvem",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin"
        },
        {
          "form": "nieu",
          "label": "Aragonese"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: nieu (Aragonese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nieu#Aragonese"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fra",
      "name": "French",
      "native": "Français",
      "word": "neige",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sniks",
          "label": "Proto-Italic"
        },
        {
          "form": "nix · nivem",
          "label": "Latin (nominative · accusative)"
        },
        {
          "form": "*nivicāre",
          "label": "Vulgar Latin verb"
        },
        {
          "form": "negier",
          "label": "Old French verb"
        },
        {
          "form": "nege / naige",
          "label": "Middle French noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "neige",
          "label": "French"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Neige is a noun formed from the verb neiger; it replaced the inherited noun noif. This is a schematic derivational chain, not a sound-by-sound chronology.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: neige (French)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neige#French"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ron",
      "name": "Romanian",
      "native": "Română",
      "word": "zăpadă",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Italic · Romance",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "slavic-fall",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "западати",
          "label": "Old Church Slavonic · 'to fall'"
        },
        {
          "form": "zăpădi",
          "label": "Romanian verb"
        },
        {
          "form": "zăpadă",
          "label": "Romanian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "A back-formation from a Slavic-derived verb. Romanian also has inherited nea, from Latin nix / nivem, which belongs to the PIE snow set.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: zăpadă (Romanian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/z%C4%83pad%C4%83#Romanian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "rus",
      "name": "Russian",
      "native": "Русский",
      "word": "снег",
      "romanization": "sneg",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "снег",
          "label": "Russian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: снег (Russian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3#Russian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "sneg"
    },
    {
      "id": "ukr",
      "name": "Ukrainian",
      "native": "Українська",
      "word": "сніг",
      "romanization": "snih",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "сніг",
          "label": "Ukrainian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: сніг (Ukrainian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3#Ukrainian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "snih"
    },
    {
      "id": "bel",
      "name": "Belarusian",
      "native": "Беларуская",
      "word": "снег",
      "romanization": "snieh",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "снег",
          "label": "Belarusian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: снег (Belarusian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3#Belarusian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "snieh"
    },
    {
      "id": "pol",
      "name": "Polish",
      "native": "Polski",
      "word": "śnieg",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "śnieg",
          "label": "Polish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: śnieg (Polish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%9Bnieg#Polish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ces",
      "name": "Czech",
      "native": "Čeština",
      "word": "sníh",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sníh",
          "label": "Czech"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sníh (Czech)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sn%C3%ADh#Czech"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "slk",
      "name": "Slovak",
      "native": "Slovenčina",
      "word": "sneh",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sneh",
          "label": "Slovak"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneh (Slovak)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneh#Slovak"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "slv",
      "name": "Slovenian",
      "native": "Slovenščina",
      "word": "sneg",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sneg",
          "label": "Slovenian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneg (Slovenian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneg#Slovenian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hbs",
      "name": "Serbian–Croatian–Bosnian",
      "native": "Srpski / hrvatski / bosanski",
      "word": "snijeg / снег",
      "romanization": "snijeg / sneg",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "snijeg / снег",
          "label": "Serbian–Croatian–Bosnian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The single source footprint combines closely related standards. Ijekavian snijeg (снијег), Ekavian sneg (снег), and Ikavian snig vary by dialect; these are not separate country-sized etymologies.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snijeg (Serbo-Croatian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snijeg#Serbo-Croatian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "snijeg / sneg"
    },
    {
      "id": "bul",
      "name": "Bulgarian",
      "native": "Български",
      "word": "сняг",
      "romanization": "snyag",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "сняг",
          "label": "Bulgarian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: сняг (Bulgarian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3#Bulgarian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "snyag"
    },
    {
      "id": "mkd",
      "name": "Macedonian",
      "native": "Македонски",
      "word": "снег",
      "romanization": "sneg",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "снег",
          "label": "Macedonian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: снег (Macedonian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3#Macedonian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "sneg"
    },
    {
      "id": "hsb",
      "name": "Upper Sorbian",
      "native": "Hornjoserbšćina",
      "word": "sněh",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sněh",
          "label": "Upper Sorbian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sněh (Upper Sorbian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sn%C4%9Bh#Upper_Sorbian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "dsb",
      "name": "Lower Sorbian",
      "native": "Dolnoserbšćina",
      "word": "sněg",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sněg",
          "label": "Lower Sorbian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sněg (Lower Sorbian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sn%C4%9Bg#Lower_Sorbian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "csb",
      "name": "Kashubian",
      "native": "Kaszëbsczi",
      "word": "sniég",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Slavic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*sně̑gъ",
          "label": "Proto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniég",
          "label": "Kashubian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sniég (Kashubian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sni%C3%A9g#Kashubian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "lit",
      "name": "Lithuanian",
      "native": "Lietuvių",
      "word": "sniegas",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Baltic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniegas",
          "label": "Lithuanian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sniegas (Lithuanian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sniegas#Lithuanian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "lav",
      "name": "Latvian",
      "native": "Latviešu",
      "word": "sniegs",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Balto-Slavic · Baltic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snóygʷʰos",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snáigas",
          "label": "Proto-Balto-Slavic"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniegs",
          "label": "Latvian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sniegs (Latvian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sniegs#Latvian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gle",
      "name": "Irish",
      "native": "Gaeilge",
      "word": "sneachta",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Goidelic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "snechtae",
          "label": "Old Irish"
        },
        {
          "form": "sneachta",
          "label": "Irish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneachta (Irish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneachta#Irish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snechtae (Old Irish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snechtae#Old_Irish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "gla",
      "name": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "native": "Gàidhlig",
      "word": "sneachd",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Goidelic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "snechtae",
          "label": "Old Irish"
        },
        {
          "form": "sneachd",
          "label": "Scottish Gaelic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Also sneachda; both forms occur. The displayed shorter form is retained for comparison.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneachd (Scottish Gaelic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneachd#Scottish_Gaelic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sneachda (Scottish Gaelic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sneachda#Scottish_Gaelic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snechtae (Old Irish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snechtae#Old_Irish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "glv",
      "name": "Manx",
      "native": "Gaelg",
      "word": "sniaghtey",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Goidelic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-snow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sneygʷʰ-",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European root"
        },
        {
          "form": "*snígʷʰs",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European noun"
        },
        {
          "form": "snechtae",
          "label": "Old Irish"
        },
        {
          "form": "sniaghtey",
          "label": "Manx"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: sniaghtey (Manx)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sniaghtey#Manx"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sneygʷʰ-",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsneyg%CA%B7%CA%B0-"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snígʷʰs",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%ADg%CA%B7%CA%B0s"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/snóygʷʰos",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Indo-European%2Fsn%C3%B3yg%CA%B7%CA%B0os"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snechtae (Old Irish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snechtae#Old_Irish"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cym",
      "name": "Welsh",
      "native": "Cymraeg",
      "word": "eira",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Brythonic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "brythonic-ergh",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ėrɣ",
          "label": "Proto-Brythonic"
        },
        {
          "form": "eira",
          "label": "Welsh"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Deeper origin is uncertain; the map does not force a link with the PIE snow root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: eira (Welsh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eira#Welsh"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ėrɣ",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Brythonic%2F%C4%97r%C9%A3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "bre",
      "name": "Breton",
      "native": "Brezhoneg",
      "word": "erc'h",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Brythonic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "brythonic-ergh",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ėrɣ",
          "label": "Proto-Brythonic"
        },
        {
          "form": "erc'h",
          "label": "Breton"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Deeper origin is uncertain; the map does not force a link with the PIE snow root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: erc'h (Breton)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/erc'h#Breton"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ėrɣ",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Brythonic%2F%C4%97r%C9%A3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "cor",
      "name": "Cornish",
      "native": "Kernewek",
      "word": "ergh",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Celtic · Brythonic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "brythonic-ergh",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ėrɣ",
          "label": "Proto-Brythonic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ergh",
          "label": "Cornish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Deeper origin is uncertain; the map does not force a link with the PIE snow root.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ergh (Cornish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergh#Cornish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic/ėrɣ",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Brythonic%2F%C4%97r%C9%A3"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ell",
      "name": "Greek",
      "native": "Ελληνικά",
      "word": "χιόνι",
      "romanization": "chióni",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Hellenic",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-winter",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ǵʰéyōm",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European · snow / winter"
        },
        {
          "form": "χιών",
          "label": "Ancient Greek"
        },
        {
          "form": "χιόνιον",
          "label": "Koine Greek diminutive"
        },
        {
          "form": "χιόνι",
          "label": "Greek"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: χιόνι (Greek)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9#Greek"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ձիւն (Old Armenian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6#Old_Armenian"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "chióni"
    },
    {
      "id": "hye",
      "name": "Armenian",
      "native": "Հայերեն",
      "word": "ձյուն",
      "romanization": "jyun",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Armenian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "pie-winter",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ǵʰéyōm",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-European · snow / winter"
        },
        {
          "form": "ձիւն",
          "label": "Old Armenian"
        },
        {
          "form": "ձյուն",
          "label": "Armenian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Eastern Armenian spelling and transliteration shown; traditional orthography ձիւն is also used. The source geometry may combine Eastern and Western Armenian varieties, whose pronunciations differ. The poster reading dzyun is explicitly used by the Bararan Armenian dictionary; the full lexical entry retains scholarly jyun.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ձյուն (Armenian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: χιόνι (Greek)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9#Greek"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ձիւն (Old Armenian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6#Old_Armenian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Bararan Armenian dictionary: ձյուն / dzyun",
          "url": "https://bararan.am/%D5%B1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "dzyun"
    },
    {
      "id": "sqi",
      "name": "Albanian",
      "native": "Shqip",
      "word": "borë",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Albanian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "albanian-fall",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*diš-bērā / *diš-bārā",
          "label": "Proto-Albanian · derivative of 'fall'"
        },
        {
          "form": "dëborë",
          "label": "Albanian prefixed form"
        },
        {
          "form": "borë",
          "label": "Albanian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Borë is a shortened form of dëborë; further root identification is not asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: borë (Albanian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bor%C3%AB#Albanian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "pes",
      "name": "Persian",
      "native": "فارسی",
      "word": "برف",
      "romanization": "barf",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "wafr",
          "label": "Middle Persian"
        },
        {
          "form": "برف",
          "label": "Persian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: برف (Persian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81#Persian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: berf (Northern Kurdish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/berf#Northern_Kurdish"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "barf"
    },
    {
      "id": "kmr",
      "name": "Northern Kurdish",
      "native": "Kurmancî",
      "word": "berf",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "berf",
          "label": "Northern Kurdish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The atlas uses Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji); Kurdish varieties are not identical. The broad mapped atlas area combines Kurdish varieties; this Northern Kurdish form is a selected reference, with Central Kurdish befr separately labelled.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: berf (Northern Kurdish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/berf#Northern_Kurdish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: برف (Persian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81#Persian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "oss",
      "name": "Ossetian",
      "native": "Ирон",
      "word": "мит",
      "romanization": "mit",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Iranian",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "ossetian-mit",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "мит",
          "label": "Ossetian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Lexical form verified. The consulted entry gives no etymology, so the deeper chain is deliberately left open.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: мит (Ossetian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82#Ossetian"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "mit"
    },
    {
      "id": "fin",
      "name": "Finnish",
      "native": "Suomi",
      "word": "lumi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Finnic",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lumi",
          "label": "Proto-Finnic"
        },
        {
          "form": "lumi",
          "label": "Finnish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "est",
      "name": "Estonian",
      "native": "Eesti",
      "word": "lumi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Finnic",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lumi",
          "label": "Proto-Finnic"
        },
        {
          "form": "lumi",
          "label": "Estonian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Estonian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Estonian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "krl",
      "name": "Karelian",
      "native": "Karjala",
      "word": "lumi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Finnic",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lumi",
          "label": "Proto-Finnic"
        },
        {
          "form": "lumi",
          "label": "Karelian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Karelian varieties have local variation; one dictionary citation form is shown.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Karelian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Karelian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "vep",
      "name": "Veps",
      "native": "Vepsän kel'",
      "word": "lumi",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Finnic",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lumi",
          "label": "Proto-Finnic"
        },
        {
          "form": "lumi",
          "label": "Veps"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Veps)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Veps"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hun",
      "name": "Hungarian",
      "native": "Magyar",
      "word": "hó",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Ugric",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-kume",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kume",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "hó",
          "label": "Hungarian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "This is distinct from the Uralic *lome set represented by Finnish lumi.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: hó (Hungarian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%B3#Hungarian"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sme",
      "name": "Northern Sámi",
      "native": "Davvisámegiella",
      "word": "muohta",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Sámi",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "sami-muotte",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*muottëk",
          "label": "Proto-Sámi"
        },
        {
          "form": "muohta",
          "label": "Northern Sámi"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "This is one general snow word. Sámi has numerous terms for snow conditions; it is not interchangeable with every one of them.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: muohta (Northern Sami)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/muohta#Northern_Sami"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Sami/muottëk",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Sami%2Fmuott%C3%ABk"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mhr",
      "name": "Meadow Mari",
      "native": "Олык марий",
      "word": "лум",
      "romanization": "lum",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Mari",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lŭm",
          "label": "Proto-Mari"
        },
        {
          "form": "лум",
          "label": "Meadow Mari"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Eastern / Meadow Mari form shown. If the source geometry combines Mari varieties, Hill Mari лым (lym) differs in form but belongs to the same root set.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: лум (Eastern Mari)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC#Eastern_Mari"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "lum"
    },
    {
      "id": "udm",
      "name": "Udmurt",
      "native": "Удмурт",
      "word": "лымы",
      "romanization": "lymy",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Permic",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lu̇m",
          "label": "Proto-Permic"
        },
        {
          "form": "лымы",
          "label": "Udmurt"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: лымы (Udmurt)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B#Udmurt"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: lumi (Finnish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumi#Finnish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Uralic%2Flome"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "lymy"
    },
    {
      "id": "eus",
      "name": "Basque",
      "native": "Euskara",
      "word": "elur",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Language isolate",
      "branch": "Basque",
      "group": "basque",
      "root": "basque-erur",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*eruR",
          "label": "Proto-Basque"
        },
        {
          "form": "elur",
          "label": "Basque"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Dialectal forms include edur, elhur and erur.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Euskaltzaindia: elur, dictionary entry (PDF)",
          "url": "https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/dok/iker_jagon_tegiak/67699.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: elur (Basque)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elur#Basque"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Basque/eruR",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction%3AProto-Basque%2FeruR"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "arb",
      "name": "Arabic (standard reference)",
      "native": "العربية",
      "word": "ثَلْج",
      "romanization": "thalj · ṯalj",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Arabic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic (standard reference)"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Modern Standard Arabic reference form. Local Arabic varieties differ; a standard form must not be read as the only vernacular word throughout North Africa.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "thalj"
    },
    {
      "id": "heb",
      "name": "Hebrew",
      "native": "עברית",
      "word": "שֶׁלֶג",
      "romanization": "sheleg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Northwest Semitic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "שֶׁלֶג",
          "label": "Hebrew"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Vowel points are included for reading; ordinary Hebrew generally writes שלג.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "sheleg"
    },
    {
      "id": "mlt",
      "name": "Maltese",
      "native": "Malti",
      "word": "silġ",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Maltese",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic"
        },
        {
          "form": "silġ",
          "label": "Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Silġ can mean snow, ice or hail. Borra is another word for snow / sleet, with a separate Sicilian-derived history.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "aeb",
      "name": "Tunisian Arabic",
      "native": "تونسي",
      "word": "ثِلْج",
      "romanization": "thelj · ṯelj",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Arabic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثِلْج",
          "label": "Tunisian Arabic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Tunisian citation form; local pronunciation and spelling vary.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Tunisian Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Tunisian_Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "thelj"
    },
    {
      "id": "arz",
      "name": "Egyptian Arabic",
      "native": "مصري",
      "word": "تَلْج",
      "romanization": "talg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Arabic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic"
        },
        {
          "form": "تَلْج",
          "label": "Egyptian Arabic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Also used for ice; the displayed Egyptian form reflects t- and g- rather than Standard Arabic th- and j-.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: تلج (Egyptian Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AC#Egyptian_Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: שלג (Hebrew)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92#Hebrew"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: silġ (Maltese)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sil%C4%A1#Maltese"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "talg"
    },
    {
      "id": "apc",
      "name": "Syrian Arabic",
      "native": "عربي سوري",
      "word": "تلج",
      "romanization": "telj",
      "mapRomanization": "telj",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Arabic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic"
        },
        {
          "form": "تلج",
          "label": "Syrian Arabic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Selected regional reading: telj. Map romanization supplied by the map author; local pronunciations and spellings vary.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic etymology and regional forms)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "acm",
      "name": "Mesopotamian Arabic",
      "native": "عراقي",
      "word": "ثلج",
      "romanization": "thelij",
      "mapRomanization": "thelij",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Arabic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثَلْج",
          "label": "Arabic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ثلج",
          "label": "Mesopotamian Arabic"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Selected regional reading: thelij. Map romanization supplied by the map author; local pronunciations and spellings vary.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ثلج (Arabic etymology and regional forms)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Arabic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tur",
      "name": "Turkish",
      "native": "Türkçe",
      "word": "kar",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Oghuz",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "قار",
          "label": "Ottoman Turkish"
        },
        {
          "form": "kar",
          "label": "Turkish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "aze",
      "name": "Azerbaijani",
      "native": "Azərbaycanca",
      "word": "qar",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Oghuz",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "qar",
          "label": "Azerbaijani"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: qar (Azerbaijani)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qar#Azerbaijani"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kaz",
      "name": "Kazakh",
      "native": "Қазақша",
      "word": "қар",
      "romanization": "qar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "қар",
          "label": "Kazakh"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "qar"
    },
    {
      "id": "tat",
      "name": "Tatar",
      "native": "Татарча",
      "word": "кар",
      "romanization": "qar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "кар",
          "label": "Tatar"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Tatar Swadesh list",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Tatar_Swadesh_list"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: кар (Tatar)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80#Tatar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "qar"
    },
    {
      "id": "bak",
      "name": "Bashkir",
      "native": "Башҡортса",
      "word": "ҡар",
      "romanization": "qar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ҡар",
          "label": "Bashkir"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ҡар (Bashkir)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%A1%D0%B0%D1%80#Bashkir"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "qar"
    },
    {
      "id": "crh",
      "name": "Crimean Tatar",
      "native": "Qırımtatarca",
      "word": "qar",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "qar",
          "label": "Crimean Tatar"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: qar (Crimean Tatar)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qar#Crimean_Tatar"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kir",
      "name": "Kyrgyz",
      "native": "Кыргызча",
      "word": "кар",
      "romanization": "kar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "кар",
          "label": "Kyrgyz"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: кар (Kyrgyz)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80#Kyrgyz"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "kar"
    },
    {
      "id": "uzb",
      "name": "Uzbek",
      "native": "Oʻzbekcha",
      "word": "qor",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Karluk",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "qor",
          "label": "Uzbek"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: qor (Uzbek)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qor#Uzbek"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: kar (Turkish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kar#Turkish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: қар (Kazakh)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80#Kazakh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kat",
      "name": "Georgian",
      "native": "ქართული",
      "word": "თოვლი",
      "romanization": "tovli",
      "family": "Kartvelian",
      "branch": "Georgian",
      "group": "kartvelian",
      "root": "kartvelian-tow",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*tow-",
          "label": "Proto-Kartvelian"
        },
        {
          "form": "თოვლი",
          "label": "Old Georgian"
        },
        {
          "form": "თოვლი",
          "label": "Georgian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: თოვლი (Georgian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "tovli"
    },
    {
      "id": "kab",
      "name": "Kabyle",
      "native": "Taqbaylit",
      "word": "adfel",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Berber · Kabyle",
      "group": "berber",
      "root": "berber-adfel",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "adfel",
          "label": "Kabyle"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Related to Berber adfl / adfeř forms. No exact Proto-Berber reconstruction is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Dallet's Kabyle–French dictionary: adfel",
          "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-kabyle.com/adfel.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Kabyle Swadesh list",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix%3AKabyle%20Swadesh%20list"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: adfl (Tashelhit)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adfl#Tashelhit"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ⴰⴷⴼⵍ (Central Atlas Tamazight)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D#Central_Atlas_Tamazight"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tzm",
      "name": "Central Atlas Tamazight",
      "native": "Tamaziɣt",
      "word": "ⴰⴷⴼⵍ",
      "romanization": "adfl",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Berber · Atlas",
      "group": "berber",
      "root": "berber-adfel",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "ⴰⴷⴼⵍ",
          "label": "Central Atlas Tamazight"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "A Central Atlas Tamazight form, not an assertion that all Berber languages use the same spelling.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ⴰⴷⴼⵍ (Central Atlas Tamazight)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D#Central_Atlas_Tamazight"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: adfl (Tashelhit)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adfl#Tashelhit"
        },
        {
          "title": "Dallet's Kabyle–French dictionary: adfel",
          "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-kabyle.com/adfel.html"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "adfl"
    },
    {
      "id": "shi",
      "name": "Tachelhit",
      "native": "Tašlḥiyt",
      "word": "adfl",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Berber · Atlas",
      "group": "berber",
      "root": "berber-adfel",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "adfl",
          "label": "Tachelhit"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Also atfl; Tifinagh ⴰⴷⴼⵍ. Cognate with the Central Atlas Tamazight and Kabyle snow set.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: adfl (Tashelhit)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adfl#Tashelhit"
        },
        {
          "title": "Dallet's Kabyle–French dictionary: adfel",
          "url": "https://www.dictionnaire-kabyle.com/adfel.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ⴰⴷⴼⵍ (Central Atlas Tamazight)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%8D#Central_Atlas_Tamazight"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "che",
      "name": "Chechen",
      "native": "Нохчийн",
      "word": "ло",
      "romanization": "lo · loo",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Nakh",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "nakh-lawa",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lawa",
          "label": "Proto-Nakh"
        },
        {
          "form": "ло",
          "label": "Chechen"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Vowel length may be indicated as ло̄ in dictionary notation. The poster uses the lemma’s romanization loo to retain this length indication.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ло (Chechen)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D0%BE#Chechen"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "loo"
    },
    {
      "id": "tuk",
      "name": "Turkmen",
      "native": "Turkmen",
      "word": "gar",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Oghuz",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "gar",
          "label": "Turkmen"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Standard Turkmen spelling is gar; some comparative sources mark its long vowel as gār.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: gar (Turkmen)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gar#Turkmen"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kār",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C4%81r"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kpv",
      "name": "Komi-Zyrian",
      "native": "Komi-Zyrian",
      "word": "лым",
      "romanization": "lym",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Permic · Komi",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "uralic-lome",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lome",
          "label": "Proto-Uralic"
        },
        {
          "form": "*lu̇m",
          "label": "Proto-Permic"
        },
        {
          "form": "лым",
          "label": "Komi-Zyrian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Komi-Zyrian citation form. Komi-Permyak also has лым, but is a distinct variety.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: лым (Komi-Zyrian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC#Komi-Zyrian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/lome"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "lym"
    },
    {
      "id": "yrk",
      "name": "Tundra Nenets",
      "native": "Tundra Nenets",
      "word": "сыра",
      "romanization": "sira",
      "family": "Uralic",
      "branch": "Samoyedic · Nenets",
      "group": "uralic",
      "root": "samoyedic-sira",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*sïrå",
          "label": "Proto-Samoyedic"
        },
        {
          "form": "сыра",
          "label": "Tundra Nenets"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The source also records the winter sense. This entry specifically represents Tundra Nenets; it does not collapse every Nenets variety.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: сыра (Tundra Nenets)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0#Tundra_Nenets"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "sira"
    },
    {
      "id": "ava",
      "name": "Avar",
      "native": "Avar",
      "word": "гӀазу",
      "romanization": "ʕazu",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Avar-Andic · Avar",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "avar-ghazu",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "гӀазу",
          "label": "Avar"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Attested modern word; the deeper lexical history is left unresolved. The first consonant uses Cyrillic palochka Ӏ. The poster reading ghazu is the source dictionary’s explicitly supplied plain-keyboard spelling, alongside its scholarly ʕazu.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Avar Dictionary, Universitat Pompeu Fabra: гӀазу",
          "url": "https://avarlab.upf.edu/entry/220064/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "ghazu"
    },
    {
      "id": "dar",
      "name": "Dargwa",
      "native": "Dargwa",
      "word": "дяхӏи",
      "romanization": "dəḥi",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Dargwa",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "dargwa-dyahi",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "дяхӏи",
          "label": "Dargwa citation form"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Representative citation form from the comparative list. Dargwa varieties have substantial lexical and phonological variation. The scholarly romanization dəḥi follows the checked Dargwa transliteration table (я → ə, хӏ → ḥ); it is a reading aid rather than an English phonetic respelling. No deeper reconstruction is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Dargwa transliteration (following Gippert / TITUS)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Dargwa_transliteration"
        },
        {
          "title": "Institute of the Estonian Language: Transliteration of Dargwa, TITUS column",
          "url": "https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Dargwa.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "dəḥi"
    },
    {
      "id": "lez",
      "name": "Lezgian",
      "native": "Lezgian",
      "word": "жив",
      "romanization": "živ",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Lezgic · Lezgian",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "lezgian-zhiv",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "жив",
          "label": "Lezgian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The Russian Wiktionary lemma and the comparative Swadesh list agree on жив. The English translation table instead lists жиз; that conflicting spelling is not silently treated as a separate ancestry claim.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Russian Wiktionary: жив (Lezgian)",
          "url": "https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2#%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "živ"
    },
    {
      "id": "lbe",
      "name": "Lak",
      "native": "Lak",
      "word": "марххала",
      "romanization": "markhkhala",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Lak",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "lak-markhhala",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "марххала",
          "label": "Lak"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Checked in the Russian–Lak dictionary at p. 327. Romanization markhkhala follows the checked ALA-LC column of the Lak transliteration table (хх → khkh); the doubled consonant is retained. No deeper root is asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Russian–Lak dictionary, Dagestan State University: снег / марххала, p. 327",
          "url": "https://cathedra.dgu.ru/Content/files/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Nakh-Dagestanian%20Swadesh%20lists"
        },
        {
          "title": "Institute of the Estonian Language: Transliteration of Lak, ALA-LC column",
          "url": "https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Lakh.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "markhkhala"
    },
    {
      "id": "inh",
      "name": "Ingush",
      "native": "Ingush",
      "word": "лоа",
      "romanization": "loa",
      "family": "Northeast Caucasian",
      "branch": "Nakh",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "nakh-lawa",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*lawa",
          "label": "Proto-Nakh"
        },
        {
          "form": "лоа",
          "label": "Ingush"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The noun is recorded as loa in the UC Berkeley Ingush word list. Comparative reconstructions also use *lawe or *law(a).",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Johanna Nichols, UC Berkeley: Ingush Swadesh word list",
          "url": "https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/swadesh.html"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/lawa",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Nakh/lawa"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "loa"
    },
    {
      "id": "kbd",
      "name": "Kabardian",
      "native": "Kabardian",
      "word": "уэс",
      "romanization": "wɛs",
      "family": "Northwest Caucasian",
      "branch": "Circassian · East Circassian",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "circassian-wes",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "уэс",
          "label": "East Circassian / Kabardian"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The lemma citation form is уэс; inflected or indefinite forms can include a final э. The comparison with West Circassian is sourced, but an exact proto-form is not asserted.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: уэс (East Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%81#East_Circassian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: осы (West Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B#West_Circassian"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "wɛs"
    },
    {
      "id": "ady",
      "name": "Adyghe",
      "native": "Adyghe",
      "word": "осы",
      "romanization": "wosə",
      "family": "Northwest Caucasian",
      "branch": "Circassian · West Circassian",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "circassian-wes",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "осы",
          "label": "West Circassian / Adyghe"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "West Circassian citation form. The source also gives Shapsug ос (wos).",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: осы (West Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B#West_Circassian"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: уэс (East Circassian)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%81#East_Circassian"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "wosə"
    },
    {
      "id": "krc",
      "name": "Karachay-Balkar",
      "native": "Karachay-Balkar",
      "word": "къар",
      "romanization": "qar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "къар",
          "label": "Karachay-Balkar"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The mapping unit combines Karachay and Balkar; the cited standard snow word is shared.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kār",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C4%81r"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Turkic Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkic%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "qar"
    },
    {
      "id": "kum",
      "name": "Kumyk",
      "native": "Kumyk",
      "word": "къар",
      "romanization": "qar",
      "family": "Turkic",
      "branch": "Common Turkic · Kipchak",
      "group": "turkic",
      "root": "turkic-kar",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*kār",
          "label": "Proto-Turkic"
        },
        {
          "form": "къар",
          "label": "Kumyk"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kār",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C4%81r"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Appendix:Turkic Swadesh lists",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkic%20Swadesh%20lists"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "qar"
    },
    {
      "id": "xal",
      "name": "Kalmyk",
      "native": "Kalmyk",
      "word": "цасн",
      "romanization": "tsasn",
      "family": "Mongolic",
      "branch": "Oirat · Kalmyk",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "mongolic-casun",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*časun",
          "label": "Proto-Mongolic"
        },
        {
          "form": "цасн",
          "label": "Kalmyk"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Kalmyk citation form, used for the European Kalmyk portion of the broader Oirad-Kalmyk-Darkhat source unit.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: цасн (Kalmyk)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD#Kalmyk"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "tsasn"
    },
    {
      "id": "bal",
      "name": "Balochi",
      "native": "Balochi",
      "word": "برپ",
      "romanization": "barp",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "برپ",
          "label": "Balochi"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Balochi citation form, also written برف (barf). Balochi includes several varieties; this is a reference word rather than a claim of uniform pronunciation across all source areas.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: برپ (Baluchi)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BE#Baluchi"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "barp"
    },
    {
      "id": "lrc",
      "name": "Northern Luri",
      "native": "Northern Luri",
      "word": "برف",
      "romanization": "barf",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Southwestern Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "برف",
          "label": "Northern Luri"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The reconstruction source groups this modern form with Iranian *wafrah and lists it under Middle Persian descendants. The map records the lexical set; the precise balance of inheritance and contact with Persian is not independently established for each Luri variety.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "barf"
    },
    {
      "id": "luz",
      "name": "Southern Luri",
      "native": "Southern Luri",
      "word": "برف",
      "romanization": "barf",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Southwestern Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "برف",
          "label": "Southern Luri"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The reconstruction source groups this modern form with Iranian *wafrah and lists it under Middle Persian descendants. The map records the lexical set; the precise balance of inheritance and contact with Persian is not independently established for each Luri variety.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "barf"
    },
    {
      "id": "bqi",
      "name": "Bakhtiari",
      "native": "Bakhtiari",
      "word": "برف",
      "romanization": "barf",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Southwestern Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "برف",
          "label": "Bakhtiari"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The modern word and its Iranian lexical grouping are recorded in the comparative reconstruction source. This schematic chain leaves Persian contact versus direct inheritance unresolved.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: snow",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snow"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "barf"
    },
    {
      "id": "ckb",
      "name": "Central Kurdish",
      "native": "Central Kurdish",
      "word": "بەفر",
      "romanization": "befr",
      "family": "Indo-European",
      "branch": "Indo-Iranian · Iranian",
      "group": "pie",
      "root": "iranian-wafra",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*wapras",
          "label": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "*wafrah",
          "label": "Proto-Iranian"
        },
        {
          "form": "بەفر",
          "label": "Central Kurdish"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Central Kurdish / Sorani citation form. The lemma transliterates it befr; comparative sources can use bafr. The source also records وەفر (wefr).",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: بەفر (Central Kurdish)",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1#Central_Kurdish"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wafrah"
        }
      ],
      "mapRomanization": "befr"
    },
    {
      "id": "kal",
      "name": "Greenlandic",
      "native": "Greenlandic",
      "word": "aput",
      "romanization": "",
      "family": "Inuit–Yupik–Unangan",
      "branch": "Inuit · Greenlandic",
      "group": "other",
      "root": "greenlandic-aput",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "aput",
          "label": "Standard Greenlandic / Kalaallisut"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Standard Greenlandic reference word, used for the clipped Greenland land fragment. The official snow terminology distinguishes snow on the ground (aput) from snow falling in the air (qaniit); this map uses the general noun aput. It does not claim that Greenland is dialectally uniform.",
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Greenlandic–English Dictionary (University of Chicago and Oqaasileriffik, 2018): aput",
          "url": "https://daka.gl/2018-kal-eng/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Oqaasileriffik, Language Secretariat of Greenland: terms for snow and ice",
          "url": "https://oqaasileriffik.gl/en/terms-for-snow-and-ice/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "amw",
      "name": "Western Neo-Aramaic (Maaloula)",
      "word": "ṯelka",
      "romanization": "thelka (scholarly ṯelka)",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Western Aramaic",
      "notes": "Werner Arnold's chapter, p. 689, table under 3.2.1, gives Maaloula ṯelka and Bakh'a ṯelka, versus Jubb'adin ṯelča, all meaning snow. Use ṯelka as a Maaloula reference, not Classical Syriac talgā. Latin scholarly transcription is the reliable attestation here; do not invent a Syriac spelling from pronunciation. A weak aggregator prints ܬܠܟܐ but is not sufficient to establish orthography. Shown at a representative Maaloula reference point; no village-area polygon or present population distribution is asserted.",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "talgā",
          "label": "Earlier Aramaic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ṯelka",
          "label": "Maaloula Western Neo-Aramaic"
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Werner Arnold, Western Neo-Aramaic, The Semitic Languages, pp. 685–696, esp. p. 689 (2011/2012)",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251586.685"
        },
        {
          "title": "Full handbook PDF used to inspect Arnold's p. 689 table",
          "url": "https://joverfelt.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/the-semitic-languages-an-international-handbook-handbucc88cher-zur-sprach-und-kommunikationswissenschaft-by-stefan-weninger-geoffrey-khan-michael-p.-streck-janet-c.-e.-watson-.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "group": "semitic",
      "mapPoint": true
    },
    {
      "id": "aii",
      "name": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
      "word": "ܬܲܠܓܵܐ",
      "romanization": "talgā",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Northeastern Neo-Aramaic",
      "notes": "Selected Assyrian Neo-Aramaic reference form. The native spelling and talgā are explicitly printed in the modern Assyrian lemma; standard and Nineveh Plains readings have g, Urmian can have j. Sureth Online gives the same spelling but labels its entry Classical Syriac and phonetically telga:, so that record alone must not be represented as a uniform modern dialect reading. Scholarly modern NENA example tálga = snow appears in Geoffrey Khan's 2021 chapter, p. 163. This is a reference form for a dialect continuum, not a claim that every Assyrian village pronounces it identically. Shown at a published reference point in the traditional northern Mesopotamian area. No exclusive modern Assyrian boundary is inferred from the source atlas’s ambiguous Classical Syriac aggregate.",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "talgā",
          "label": "Earlier Aramaic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ܬܲܠܓܵܐ",
          "label": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic reference"
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Geoffrey Khan, Verbal Forms Expressing Discourse Dependency in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic, p. 163 (2021)",
          "url": "https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0209.04.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Sureth Online Dictionary, snow (Oraham / Bailis Shamun; entry marked Classical Syriac)",
          "url": "https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/dosearch.php?language=id&searchkey=15578"
        },
        {
          "title": "Wiktionary: ܬܠܓܐ, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic reference orthography, reading and etymology",
          "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%A0%DC%93%DC%90#Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic"
        },
        {
          "title": "Cambridge North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Database: dialect region and language varieties",
          "url": "https://nena.ames.cam.ac.uk/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Glottolog: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic reference location",
          "url": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/assy1241"
        }
      ],
      "group": "semitic",
      "mapRomanization": "talgā",
      "mapPoint": true
    },
    {
      "id": "tru",
      "name": "Turoyo / Surayt",
      "word": "ܬܰܠܓܐ",
      "romanization": "talgo",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Central Neo-Aramaic",
      "notes": "Primary Aramaic Online Project / Šlomo Surayt lesson 1.6 explicitly lists talgo, snow, ܬܰܠܓܐ. This is the modern Turoyo/Surayt form of Tur Abdin, not Classical Syriac vocalization. Barsky, Kalinin and Loesov (2018), p. 232, independently give Turoyo talgo (RW 510), with earlier Aramaic talgā/talga comparanda.",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "talgā",
          "label": "Earlier Aramaic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ܬܰܠܓܐ",
          "label": "Turoyo / Surayt"
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Šlomo Surayt: An Introductory Course to Surayt-Aramaic (Turoyo), lesson 1.6 Vocabulary, Aramaic Online Project",
          "url": "https://textbook.surayt.com/en/Level%20A/1.6?content-fragment-id=1743"
        },
        {
          "title": "Barsky, Kalinin and Loesov (2018), The Basic Lexicon of Mlaḥsô: A Comparative Study, p. 232",
          "url": "https://www.ub.edu/ipoa/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/20182AuOrBarsky.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "group": "semitic",
      "mapRomanization": "talgo"
    },
    {
      "id": "myz",
      "name": "Mandaic (Mandaean liturgical reference)",
      "word": "ࡕࡋࡂࡀ",
      "romanization": "talga",
      "mapRomanization": "talga",
      "root": "semitic-thalg",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Semitic · Eastern Aramaic · Mandaic",
      "group": "semitic",
      "notes": "The Mandaic literary/liturgical form is talga, used for both snow and ice. Mandaean is a community designation; Mandaic is the language name. Modern Neo-Mandaic must be distinguished from the literary language. The label near Basra is a historical/liturgical community reference, not a claim about the language spoken by all residents today.",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "*ṯalg-",
          "label": "Proto-Semitic"
        },
        {
          "form": "talgā",
          "label": "Aramaic"
        },
        {
          "form": "ࡕࡋࡂࡀ",
          "label": "Mandaic"
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Qais Al-Saadi, Nhura: English–Mandaic / Mandaic–Mandaic Dictionary (2012), p.93; also p.204",
          "url": "https://qadaha.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nhura-dictionary-mandaic-english-mandaic.pdf#page=94"
        },
        {
          "title": "Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon, tlg / tlgʾ",
          "url": "https://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?cits=all&lemma=tlg+N"
        },
        {
          "title": "Charles G. Häberl, The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr (2009), pp.42,113",
          "url": "https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/book/The-Neo-Mandaic-Dialect-of-Khorramshahr/991031550027404646"
        },
        {
          "title": "Chiara Stornaiuolo, šèleg – snow, Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database, §1 A.1,A.4",
          "url": "https://sahd-online.com/words/sheleg/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Encyclopaedia Iranica: Mandaean communities in southern Iraq and Iran; modern language distinctions",
          "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans/mandaeans-iv-community-in-iran/"
        }
      ],
      "mapPoint": true
    },
    {
      "id": "gnc",
      "name": "Indigenous Canarian (La Palma; disputed report)",
      "word": "tener?",
      "romanization": "",
      "root": "unknown-canarian",
      "family": "Afro-Asiatic",
      "branch": "Berber · Indigenous Canarian",
      "group": "uncertain",
      "attestationStatus": "historical report, disputed gloss",
      "notes": "Espinosa (1594), book I chapter1, fol.9v, says he was informed that the people of La Palma called Tenerife using tener ‘snow’ and fe ‘mountain’. Later Abreu Galindo instead assigns tener ‘mountain’ and ife ‘white’. Modern philological work rejects these snow/white component etymologies for lacking adequate linguistic support. If included to satisfy the user's request, show tener? and explain the uncertainty in the inspector, source notes, and README. Attribute to La Palma, not securely to every island. No reconstructed pronunciation or Tifinagh spelling should be invented. The question mark is essential: this is not a secure reconstruction. The small La Palma fill is an island reference to the reported language, not a mapped surviving speech community.",
      "chain": [
        {
          "form": "tener",
          "label": "Espinosa 1594: reported La Palma term, glossed snow"
        },
        {
          "form": "tener?",
          "label": "Historical gloss disputed by later philology; origin unresolved"
        }
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "title": "Alonso de Espinosa, Del origen y milagros de la Santa Imagen de Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (1594), book I chapter1, fol.9v",
          "url": "https://archive.org/details/delorigenymilagr00espi"
        },
        {
          "title": "Carmen Díaz Alayón and Francisco Javier Castillo, Estudio de la lista de voces prehispánicas de Juan Bautista Lorenzo Rodríguez, Almogaren 44–45 (2013–2014), pp.7–56, especially p.35",
          "url": "https://www.almogaren.org/ic-digital/ICDigital_Almogaren_44-45_1_%282014%29.pdf"
        },
        {
          "title": "Juan Álvarez Delgado, Miscelánea guanche (1941), printed pp.46–48",
          "url": "https://hdiecan.org/wp-content/uploads/tainacan-items/5/6717/ALVAREZ-1941-Miscelanea-guanche.pdf#page=50"
        },
        {
          "title": "Maximiano Trapero, Los Guanchismos, entry Tenerife / Tinefe / Tenerista (ULPGC)",
          "url": "https://guanchismos.ulpgc.es/item/14417"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "methodology": {
    "title": "Lexical and etymological method",
    "asOf": "2026-10-14",
    "scope": "106 selected language entries for Europe and its surrounding regions. Each entry gives a representative noun meaning snow; the selection is not an exhaustive inventory of every dialect, snow condition or synonym.",
    "comparison": "Colors encode etymological word sets using root, not national borders or general language families. Family and branch remain separate metadata. Membership in Indo-European does not make every word for snow a descendant of *sneygʷʰ-.",
    "chains": "Chains are schematic selections of attested or reconstructed stages, not complete sound histories, exact dates, or claims that all forms coexisted. Intermediate stages may be omitted. Asterisked forms are reconstructed and unattested. Arrows include derivation and, where stated, borrowing; they do not always mean direct inheritance.",
    "uncertainty": "Reconstruction spelling varies by source. The Brythonic deeper origin, Ossetian deeper chain and exact Proto-Berber snow form are deliberately left unresolved. A modern word used as a root label marks a comparative set, not a newly invented proto-form. Faroese kavi is shown separately from poetic / archaic snjógvur, whose PIE snow etymology is retained as an alternative. Avar, Dargwa, Lak and Lezgian are separate attested word sets without a claimed common deep ancestor. Circassian is shown as a local comparison without an invented proto-form. Luri and Bakhtiari membership in the Iranian snow set does not resolve direct inheritance versus Persian contact. Canarian tener? is a disputed historical La Palma report, not a reconstruction; ? marks this uncertainty. Western Neo-Aramaic uses an attested scholarly Latin transcription rather than an unverified native-script spelling. Mandaic is explicitly a literary/liturgical reference.",
    "standards": "Some ISO entries are macrolanguages or combined mapping units. A citation form may belong to one variety; notes state material variation. Orthography and romanization are reading aids, not a substitute for IPA. Arabic, Hebrew, Georgian, Armenian and Cyrillic scripts are retained. On the poster, parentheses under non-Latin words give a single romanized reading aid; these are transliterations, not IPA or English phonetic respellings. Scholarly Latin letters and diacritics (for example ə, ɛ, ḥ and ž) are retained where used by the checked source. Arabic th and Hebrew sh are reader-friendly equivalents of scholarly ṯ and š. Dargwa follows the checked Gippert / TITUS table; Lak follows ALA-LC; Avar ghazu is the source dictionary’s plain-keyboard spelling. The mixed Serbo-Croatian label retains both snijeg and sneg rather than implying one uniform pronunciation.",
    "sources": "Lexical entries are primarily cross-checked against Wiktionary lemma and reconstruction pages, which in turn cite dictionaries and etymological reference works. These are accessible secondary lexical sources, not independent fieldwork or a peer-reviewed atlas. Kabyle uses an online Dallet dictionary transcription. Every entry links its lexical source; root descriptions link supporting reconstruction sources. Ambiguous or missing etymologies are not filled by visual similarity. Spanish nieve was additionally checked directly in the RAE dictionary, Catalan neu in the IEC Catalan-Valencian-Balearic dictionary, and Basque elur in an Euskaltzaindia dictionary PDF.",
    "license": "Original explanatory prose and data organization; brief lexical facts and forms compiled with attribution to linked sources. Wiktionary is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; consult each page for revision history and third-party references."
  }
}