Horse, across Europe

The PIE horse noun *h₁éḱwos has separate Scottish Gaelic, Iranian and Greek route colours. Greek learned ίππος (Ancient ἵππος, híppos) is displayed alongside everyday άλογο. These are selected surviving lineages, not an exhaustive list: Latin equus is another.

The caballus / *kaballos family has a shared heading and three separate route colours: Romance, Celtic and Albanian. Romance words continue Latin caballus; Albanian kalë is a Latin loan. The related Celtic terms retain their individual histories and disputed early borrowing directions in the entry notes.

Published overlapping footprints remain above a complete Natural Earth reference fill. Inside Romania, the old Hungarian atlas area is replaced by INS RPL 2021 data mapped by ISPMN: administrative units above 50% Hungarian mother tongue among known responses. This separates the Székely enclave from smaller western pockets, and does not claim speakers below that threshold are absent. The exact selection is in data/romanian-hungarian-2021.json. Other features retain their original source epochs, including the Kurdish 1750 supplements.

Greece, Russia and Kazakhstan show coexisting words with different origins using diagonal stripes and colour bars beneath the words. Stripe widths are decorative, not population or usage proportions. Russian конь is displayed alongside лошадь; Sardinian cuaddu supplements Nuorese cabaddu; Flemish peerd / peird supplements standard Dutch paard. Algeria now uses عود (ʿūd, Arabizi 3oud) rather than the standard-Arabic ḥiṣān reference.

French Flanders uses the French reference background. Its former solid Dutch/Flemish footprint is removed inside France; French Flemish peerd survives as a minority reference point at Quaëdypre. This acknowledges minority use without inventing a modern majority-speaking boundary or treating older speaker counts as current. The exact display revision is documented in data/french-flanders-revision.json.

Hungarian ló (stem lov-), Khanty ԓов (Kazym łow, often simplified lov) and Northern Mansi лув (luw) share the Ugric horse-word set and colour. The Khanty source footprint combines varieties: the Kazym citation form is a reference, not a claim of uniform spelling or a dialect boundary. The remote origin before Ugric is unresolved.

Gilaki, Iranian Talyshi and Mazandarani have separate اسب (asb) labels using their published atlas areas. These are documented regional forms with normalized Persian-script displays, not uniform orthographies for every included dialect. Iranian-internal borrowing histories remain qualified.

North Africa is lexically diverse: Moroccan عود shares the Algerian ʿawd origin, including Arabic-derived Kabyle aɛudiw. Tunisian and Benghazi Libyan حصان belong to the ḥiṣān set. Rif yis continues the ayis set; Nafusi agmár and Ghadames aǧmar form a separate Berber set. Guellala Djerba leḥṣan is an Arabic loan. Hassaniya written فرس has a separate faras colour; its (frs) label is consonant-only transliteration, with exact local vocalization unverified. The detailed regional audit is in data/north-africa-review.json.

Romanian Romani grast (Turda and Kalderaš references) and German Sinti graj (Hameln reference) are cognate Armenian loans and share one origin colour. The 58 small Romanian markers use INS RPL 2021 mother-tongue data, selecting UATs above 20% among known responses. Equal-size markers are a cartographic selection, not ethnic territories, complete speaker coverage, population proportions or a claim that all communities use one dialect. Full selection and source limits: data/romani-domari-review.json.

Romani community markers also extend across the Balkans, Slovakia, Hungary and Moldova using twelve documented RMS reference towns. These sample locations are a different selection from Romania’s census markers, so dot density must not be read as population density. The displayed grast is a lexical reference; related gra and gras forms and limits on town-specific attestation are retained in the audit. Explicit captions identify Romani, Sinti Romani and Domari; the Damascus community reference repeats the Domari word and caption in the same unboxed style as Aleppo. This repetition does not establish an independent Damascus form.

Domari is distinct from Romani. Aleppo agōra belongs to an inherited Indo-Aryan ghōṭa set; Matras and Kelzi (2024) transcribe it agorà. The Aleppo point is a source-community reference and does not map current population after wartime dispersal. A Damascus/Sayyida Zainab marker records older community evidence, with no independently verified modern local horse form. No modern Iraqi Kawliya horse lexeme was verified. A labelled open marker near Diwaniyah represents the Kawliya community documented at Al-Zuhoor by Reuters in 2018, without assigning a word or etymological colour. Historical Duman asp from an Altun Kupri informant in Newbold (1856) is documented in the audit, without equating that record with modern Kawliya speech.

Kazakh жылқы is a general species / livestock term and occurs in жылқы еті, horse meat. Ат is especially a riding or working horse, traditionally male / gelded. These are usage tendencies, not a strict meat-versus-riding opposition.

Romanizations under non-Latin words are reading aids, not IPA. Maaloula shows ܣܘܣܬ̤ܐ with (sūsča), an editorial Syriac rendering of Arnold’s attested transcription using the documented ܬ̤ = č convention. This is a script choice, not a directly quoted native spelling or a universal Maaloula standard; Mandaic susia is a literary/liturgical reference near Basra. Points indicate reference locations where suitable polygons were not verified.

No reliable indigenous Canarian horse term was verified. The earlier snow word tener? is not reused: this version retains the modern Spanish reference on the islands.

Northern Luri asp is supported by a local speaker comparison rather than a critical dictionary. The Iraqi Arabic reading ḥiṣān also appears in a Baghdadi Arabic plant-name study; regional vowels vary. Entry notes retain these source limitations.

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